002 - Presentation On Folded Plate Structures

FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
Presented by Er.Karunakar
Basic Types of Roof Structures
GABLE ROOF
THE GABLE ROOF IS A VERY POPULAR TYPE OF ROOF. IT IS EASY TO BUILD, SHEDS
WATER WELL.
HIP ROOF
THE HIP ROOF IS SLIGHTLY MORE DIFFICULT TO BUILD THAN A GABLE ROOF. IT IS
A POPULAR CHOICE.
FLAT ROOF
A FLAT ROOF IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL ROOF TO BUILD, BUT IT ADDS LITTLE TO
THE DESIGN OF MOST HOUSES. IT REQUIRES A “BUILT-UP” OR MEMBRANE ROOF
COVERING.
SHED ROOF
A SHED ROOF IS SIMILAR TO A FLAT ROOF BUT HAS MORE PITCH. IT IS

FREQUENTLY USED FOR ADDITIONS OR WITH OTHER ROOF STYLES.
MANSARD ROOF
THE MANSARD ROOF IS A FRENCH DESIGN AND IS MORE DIFFICULT TO

CONSTRUCT THAN THE HIP OR GABLE ROOF.
DUTCH HIP ROOF
THE DUTCH HIP ROOF IS BASICALLY A HIP ROOF WITH A SMALL GABLE AT EITHER
END. THE GABLES CAN BE USED FOR VENTILATION.
GAMBREL ROOF
THE GAMBREL ROOF IS SOMETIMES CALLED A BARN ROOF BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN
USED EXTENSIVELY ON BARNS. IT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL HEADROOM IN THE
ATTIC.
BUTTERFLY ROOF
THE BUTTERFLY ROOF IS NOT WIDELY USED. IT PROVIDES PLENTY OF LIGHT AND
VENTILATION, BUT DRAINAGE IS A PROBLEM.
WINGED GABLE
THE WINGED GABLE IS ESSENTIALLY A GABLE ROOF, EXTENDED AT THE PEAK.

A-FRAME ROOF
THE A-FRAME ROOF PROVIDES A ROOF AND WALLS FOR THE STRUCTURE. IS
POPULAR FOR COTTAGES, HOMES, CHURCHES, AND OTHER STRUCTURES.
FOLDED PLATE ROOF
THE FOLDED PLATE ROOF HAS LIMITED USE IN SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES. DONE FOR
LARGE HALL AND AUDITORIUMS WHERE LONG COLUMN FREE SPACES ARE
REQUIRED
CURVED PANEL ROOF
THE CURVED PANEL ROOF IS SIMILAR TO THE FOLDED PLATE ROOF IN STYLE AND
APPLICATION. BUT IN CURVED SHAPES.
Folded Plate
Structures
Old Sears Store in Florida Present Sears Store in Florida

Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and they
belong to the structural systems.
The term folded structure defines a folded form of construction, including
structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their
mutual relationship in space.
For very long time this type of construction has been realized in practice only in
of reinforced concrete and made on site, which conditioned the use of a very
complicated shell.
Development of prefabricated building led to improvements of this type of
construction so that the folded structures could be derived by assembly of
prefabricated elements and their relationship –monolithization on site.
Development of the research of folded structures, starting from their earliest
days to today, followed the innovations and latest developments in terms of
applied materials and methods of connection. The tendency for the cost
effective and quicker construction pushed the folded structures made in
reinforced concrete, and led to the construction realized in wood, steel and
other modern materials that eventually experienced expansion.
There are different ways of constructing folded
structure in terms of their forms and the application
of different materials they are made of.
Based on the research and analysis of the formal
potential of the folded constructions the
systematization of folded structures was done in
terms of shape and geometry.
The term folded structure defines a folded form of
construction, including structures made of plates and
structures made of sticks which make a folded form
by their mutual relationship in space. Some also call a
folded structure the origami construction.
Design and construction of folded structures occurs at
the beginning of the twentieth century, and is
associated with the development of reinforced
concrete. The basic idea of creating this type of
construction is striving to achieve more constructive
height and greater rigidity and reduce the net weight
of the structural element. The strength and stiffness
of folded construction is achieved primarily by proper
design of the structure, and to a lesser extent, by
thickness and dimension of the elements that form it.
This solution was possible to realize due to the
development of structural systems and the use of
reinforced concrete.
Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed the first roof
with the folded structure in 1923 as an aircraft hangar
at Orly Airport in Paris. In technological terms this
folded construction is made of prefabricated
elements, with pre-stressed structure, which is a
remarkable engineering undertaking of the time.
Based on the application of this pre-stressed structure
Eudene Freyssinet has been called "the father of pre-
stressed concrete".
Folded structures have emerged as a counterbalance
to heavy frame structures, in which the net weight is
very great and that are cost-effective only for ranges
up to 25 m.
Folded structures are among the most cost-effective
constructions, they use less material because of their
high stiffness in the plane of maximum bending in the
direction of the range.
The bearing capacity of full-flat panels depends on its
thickness and quality of the material from which it
was made. The large range of full plate becomes too
thick and heavy, and as such is not economical. If we
form the folded structure of the inclined panels, their
vertical projection becomes the height of the folded
construction, and thus enables the smaller thickness
of the structural element. By the use of folded
structures far greater ranges can be overcome than by
the application of a full flat plate.
Folded structures are spatial structures formed by the
elements in the plane, different in form and
materialization. Folded structures differ in: geometric
form, the form of a base over which they are
performed, the manner of performance, methods of
forming stiffness, function and position in the
building, and the material they are made of.
By using folded structures different spatial forms can
be made. The straight elements forming a folded
construction can be of various shapes: rectangular,
trapezoidal or triangular.
By combining these elements we get different forms
resulting in a variety of shapes and remarkable
architectural expression.
Based on geometric shape folded structures can be
divided into:
• Folded plate surfaces,
• Folded plate frames,
• Spatial folded plate structures.
Surface folded structures in the plane are the
structures in which all the highest points of the
elements and all the elements of the lowest points of
the folded structure belong to two parallel planes.
Frame folded structures represent constructional set
in which the elements of each segment of the folds
mutually occupy a frame spatial form. This type of
folded structure is spatial organization of two or more
folds in the plane.
Spatial folded structures are the type of a structure in
which a spatial constructive set is formed by
combining mutually the elements of a folded
structure.
The shape of folded structures affects the
transmission of load and direction of relying of folded
structures. Based on these parameters we can do the
division in:
• Linear folded plate structure,
• Radial folded plate structure,
• Spatial folded plate structure.
Combined folded constructions are carried out over
the complex geometric basis, formed by the
combination of simple geometric figures, rectangles
and semicircles on one side or both sides. This type of
folded structure can be derived in the plane or as a
frame (cylindrical) structure, and represents a
combination of folded structure above the
rectangular base and ½ of the radial construction.
Example of a combined folded structure formed by a
cylindrical folded structure and ½ of a dome structure
Air Force Academy Chapel, Colorado Springs, USA,
architect Walter Netsch, year 1962
Mezzanine ceiling called "Kielsteg"
Element of "Kielsteg" construction
Appearance of Notre Dame, Royan, France, the
architect Guillaume Gillet, 1958
Securing the foundation pit with Larsen planks
International Convention and Exposition Centre,
Nanning, China, architecs Meinhard von Gerkan and
Nikolaus Goetze, construction Schlaich Bergermann
und Partner, Stuttgart, 2003
Installation of
packages of folded
bearers, Sports Hall
in Medveđa, the
designer of the
construction LKV
Center, 2001
Mounted prototype of cylindrical folded structure
formed by using wooden trusses as the elements of
folded structure, Fair in Budva, author architect
Nenad Sekularac, Budva, Montenegro, 2005
GEOMETRICAL STAIRACASES

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FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES

A SHED ROOF IS SIMILAR TO A FLAT ROOF BUT HAS MORE PITCH. IT IS

THE MANSARD ROOF IS A FRENCH DESIGN AND IS MORE DIFFICULT TO

THE WINGED GABLE IS ESSENTIALLY A GABLE ROOF, EXTENDED AT THE PEAK.

Old Sears Store in Florida Present Sears Store in Florida

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