Computer Networks-Lab: Hareem Aslam Hareem - Aslam@pucit - Edu.pk

Computer Networks-Lab
HAREEM ASLAM
[email protected]
Computer Network Components
+ Computer network components are the major parts which are needed to install the
software. Some important network components
+ NIC
+ Switch
+ Cable
+ Hub
+ Router
+ modem.
+ Bridge
+ Depending on the type of network that we need to install, some network components
can also be removed. For example, the wireless network does not require a cable.
Network Interface Card
NIC is a hardware component used to connect a computer with another
computer onto a network
It can support a transfer rate of 10 to 1000 Mb/s.
The MAC address or physical address is encoded on the network card chip
which is assigned by the IEEE to identify a network card uniquely. The MAC
address is stored in the PROM (Programmable read-only memory).
There are two types of NIC:
1.Wired NIC : The Wired NIC is present
inside the motherboard. Cables and
connectors are used with wired NIC to
transfer data.
2.Wireless NIC : The wireless NIC

contains the antenna to obtain the
connection over the wireless network.
For example, laptop computer
contains the wireless NIC.
NIC
HUB
+ A Hub is a hardware device that divides the network connection among multiple devices.
When computer requests for some information from a network, it first sends the request to
the Hub through cable. Hub will broadcast this request to the entire network. All the devices
will check whether the request belongs to them or not. If not, the request will be dropped.
+ A HUB works in a Physical Layer of the OSI Reference model.
+ The process used by the Hub consumes more bandwidth and limits the amount of
communication. Nowadays, the use of hub is obsolete, and it is replaced by more advanced
computer network components such as Switches, Routers.
+ It has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information – broadcasts all
network data across each connection.
HUB
Router
• A router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with an
internet connection. It is used to receive, analyze and forward the
incoming packets to another network.
• A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference
model.
• A router forwards the packet based on the information available in the
routing table.
• It determines the best path from the available paths for the
transmission of the packet.
Router
Advantages Of Router:
• Security: The information which is transmitted to the network will traverse the
entire cable, but the only specified device which has been addressed can read the
data.
• Reliability: If the server has stopped functioning, the network goes down, but no
other networks are affected that are served by the router.
• Performance: Router enhances the overall performance of the network. Suppose
there are 24 workstations in a network generates a same amount of traffic. This
increases the traffic load on the network. Router splits the single network into two
networks of 12 workstations each, reduces the traffic load by half.
• Network range
Modem
• A modem is a hardware device that allows the computer to
connect to the internet over the existing telephone line.
• A modem is not integrated with the motherboard rather than it
is installed on the PCI slot found on the motherboard.
• It stands for Modulator/Demodulator. It converts the digital
data into an analog signal over the telephone lines.
+ Dial-up modem, Broadband
Bridges
+ A bridge is a network device that connects multiple LANs (local
area networks) together to form a larger LAN. The process of
aggregating networks is called network bridging. A bridge
connects the different components so that they appear as parts
of a single network. Bridges operate at the data link layer of the
OSI model and hence also referred as Layer 2 switches.
Repeaters
+ Repeaters are network devices
operating at physical layer of
the OSI model that amplify or
regenerate an incoming signal
before retransmitting it. They
are incorporated in networks
to expand its coverage area.
They are also known as signal
boosters
Why we need repeaters?
+ When an electrical signal is transmitted via a channel, it gets
attenuated depending upon the nature of the channel or the
technology. This poses a limitation upon the length of the LAN
or coverage area of cellular networks. This problem is alleviated
by installing repeaters at certain intervals.
+ Repeaters amplifies the attenuated signal and then retransmits
it. Digital repeaters can even reconstruct signals distorted by
transmission loss.So, repeaters are popularly incorporated to
connect between two LANs thus forming a large single LAN.
Types of Repeaters
+ According to the types of signals that they regenerate, repeaters can be classified into two categories
• Analog Repeaters − They can only amplify the analog signal.

• Digital Repeaters − They can reconstruct a distorted signal.
+ According to the types of networks that they connect, repeaters can be categorized into two types
• Wired Repeaters − They are used in wired LANs.

• Wireless Repeaters − They are used in wireless LANs and cellular networks.
+ According to the domain of LANs they connect, repeaters can be divided into two categories
• Local Repeaters − They connect LAN segments separated by small distance.

• Remote Repeaters − They connect LANs that are far from each other.
Cables and Connectors
+ Cable is a transmission media used for transmitting a
signal.
+ There are three types of cables used in transmission:
• Twisted pair cable (UTP, STP)
• Coaxial cable
• Fibre-optic cable

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Computer Networks-Lab

It can support a transfer rate of 10 to 1000 Mb/s.

2.Wireless NIC : The wireless NIC

• Analog Repeaters − They can only amplify the analog signal.

• Wired Repeaters − They are used in wired LANs.

• Local Repeaters − They connect LAN segments separated by small distance.

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