Lecture 12,13 (Traversing)

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Lecture Delivered By:
Engr. Syed Saqib Mehboob
Lecturer, CED.
Lecture Composed By:

Engr. Ghufran Ahmed Pasha
(Lecturer, CED)
[email protected]
(On Leave for Higher Studies
Japan , Sitama University for PhD)
Traverse Survey
Lecture – 12,13
Traverse Surveying
 Method in the field of surveying to establish control
networks.
 A traverse surveying is one in which the framework
consists of connected lines whose lengths are
measured with a chain or tape and the directions are
determined with an angular instrument.
1. Open Traverse
2. Closed Traverse
Open Traverse:
 A traverse is said to be an open traverse when it does not form a
closed polygon.
 It consists of a series of lines extending in the same general

direction and does not return to the starting point. Similarly, it does
not start and end at points whose positions on plan are known.
 It is suitable for the survey of a long narrow strip of country e.g the
roads, canals or railways etc.
Closed Traverse:
 A traverse is said to be closed when a complete circuit is made i.e
when it returns to the starting point forming a closed polygon as
shown in figure. Or when it begins and ends at points whose
positions on the plan are known.
 Sum of angles for a closed traverse = (2N ± 4) 900

 Where N = No. of sides of closed traverse.
 +ve sign for exterior angles and –ve sign for the interior angles.
Survey Geographic Reference:
 Surveying involves measuring the location of physical land
features relative to one another or relative to defined
reference on the surface of the earth.
 Earth’s reference system is composed of surface divisions
denoted by geographic lines of latitude and longitude.
 The latitude lines runs east and west and parallel to equator.
 The longitude lines runs north and south and converge at the
poles.
Ref: http://www.docstoc.com
Bearing of a line:
 The direction of a survey may be defined either by the
horizontal angle between the line and the line adjacent to it or
by the angle (called the bearing) between the fixed line of
reference (called the meridian) and the line.
 It is the horizontal angle which a line makes with some
reference direction. Reference Direction is called meridian.
 The reference direction employed in a survey may be
1. A true or geographic meridian
2. A magnetic meridian
3. An arbitrary or assumed meridian
1. True or Geographic Meridian:
 The true or geographic meridian is a line in which the plane
passing through the given point and the north and south
poles intersect the surface of earth.
 The direction of a true meridian is invariable. The true
meridians through the various stations are not parallel, but
converge to the poles.
 However, for ordinary small surveys, they are assumed to
be parallel to each other.
 The horizontal angle between the true meridian and the line
is called true bearing of a line. It is also known as Azimuth.
2. Magnetic Meridian:
 The magnetic meridian is the direction indicated by a
freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic
needle, unaffected by the local attractive forces.
 Magnetic north and magnetic south line.
 The angle which the line make with the magnetic
meridian is called a magnetic meridian of a line or
simply bearing of the line.
Difference between true and magnetic meridian?
 True meridians are fixed, whereas magnetic meridians vary

with time and location.
 True meridian may be established by astronomical

observation, while magnetic meridian can be formed using
freely moving magnetized needle.
 True meridian passes through the center of the north and south
poles, but not necessarily, in case of magnetic meridians.
Magnetic Declination:
 The magnetic meridian at a place does not coincide with the
true meridian at that place except in few places.
 The horizontal angle which the magnetic meridian makes with
the true meridian is known as magnetic declination or simply
declination.
3. Arbitrary or Assumed Meridian:
 The arbitrary or assumed meridian is usually the
direction from a survey station to some well defined
permanent object or the first line of a survey.
 The angle between this meridian and a line is known
as arbitrary or assumed meridian.
Designations of Bearings:
 The following two systems are commonly used to
express the bearings:
1. Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB)

2. Quadrantal Bearing System (QB)
Whole Circle Bearing System:
 In the whole circle bearing system (W.C.B), the
bearing of a line is always measured clockwise from
the north point of the reference meridian towards the
line right round the circle.
 The angle measured is called whole circle bearing
(W.C.B).
 It may have any values between 00 and 3600.
 The bearing observed with the prismatic compass are
the whole circle bearings.
Quadrantal Bearing System:
 In a quadrantal bearing system, the bearing of a line
is measured clockwise or anticlockwise from the
north or the south point whichever is nearer the line,
towards the east or west. In this system, the bearing
is reckoned from 00 and 900 in each quadrant.
 The bearings observed with the surveyor’s compass
are the quadrantal bearing .
To find QB from WCB
N
A
35O15’
W E
P
S
Solution :
Line PA lies in 1st quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing bearing of PA = N 35o 15’ E
To find QB from WCB
W P 130O0’ E
50O
B
S
Solution :
Line PB lies in 2nd quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing of PB = S 50o 00’ E
To find QB from WCB
P E
W
210O15’
30O15’
C
Solution :
S
Line PC lies in 3rd quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing of PC = S 30o
15’ W
To find QB from WCB
D
69O15’
W P E
290O45’
Solution :
S Line PD lies in 4th quadrant.
Quadrant Bearing bearing of
PD = N 69o 15’ W
To find Whole Circle Bearing from QB
I. WCB = PA –N 15o E
II. WCB = PB – S 25o 45’ E
III. WCB = PC – S 45o 30’ W
IV. WCB = PD – N 10o W
 Qn: PA – N 15o E
 Ans: Line PA is in the first quadrant. Its WCB is 15o
N A
15O
E
W P
S
 Qn: PB – S 25o 45’ E

 Line PB is in second quadrant. Its WCB is 180o00’-25o45’
= 154o15’
N
154O15’
E
W P
B
S
 Qn: PC – S 45o 30’W

 Line PC is third quadrant. Its WCB is 180o00’+45o30’ =
225o30’
N
E
W P
225o30’
B
c S
 Qn: PD – N 10o W
 Line PD is in fourth quadrant. Its WCB is
 360o00’-10o00’= 350o00’ D
N
350o00’
E
W P
S
Reduced Bearings:
 When the whole circle bearing of a line exceed 900, it
may be reduced to the corresponding angle less than
900, which has the same numerical values of the
trigonometric functions. The angle is known as the
reduced bearing (R.B). In order to obtain the reduced
bearings o the lines, the following table may be used:
Case W.C.B between Rule of R.B Quadrant

I 0o and 90o = W.C.B N-E
II 90o and 180o = 180o - W.C.B S-E
III 180o and 270o = W.C.B - 180o S-W
IV 270o and 360o = 360o - W.C.B N-W
Magnetic Declination Around the World
 The Earth's magnetic field is very irregular and it

changes with location and time. This irregularity is
caused by variations and movement of material
inside the Earth's interior that occur over long
periods.
 The Earth is made up of different types of rock and
molten rock that have different magnetic properties
and as they move around inside the Earth, so too
does the magnetic field.
Slide Added at 17.02.2015

Change of Magnetic Fields
 The declination animation gives you an indication
of how have changed over time.

Concept of NT and NM

Local Attraction:
 The magnetic needle is deflected from its normal position
when it is under the influence of external attractive forces
(called the sources of local attraction). Such a disturbing
influence in known as local attraction. The term is also
used to denote the amount of deviation of the needle from
its normal position.
 If the needle is perfectly balanced before magnetization, it
remains in horizontal position. But it will not remain in
the same position after it is magnetized, on account of the
magnetic influence of the earth. It will be inclined
downwards the pole.
Fore and Back Bearing:
 Every line has two bearings, one observed at each end
of the line. The bearing of the line in the direction of
the progress of survey is called fore or forward bearing
(F.B), while its bearing in the opposite direction is
known as back or reverse bearing (B.B).
 It may be noted that the fore and back bearings of a
line differ exactly by 180o. In the whole circle bearing
system, the back bearing of a line may be obtained
from the fore bearing by using the following relation:
 Back Bearing = Fore Bearing ± 180o
Fore and Back Bearing
 When the fore bearing is less than 180o, then use plus
sign, and if it exceeds 180o, use minus sign.
 In the quadrantal bearing system, the fore and back
bearings are numerically equal but with opposite
letters. For example, if the fore bearing of a line is N
40o 25’ E, then the back bearing of a line is S 40o25’
W.
To find Back Bearing from Fore Bearing
 Qn: Fore bearing of Line PQ is 38o15’, find Back

bearing.
Back Bearing =218o15’
38o15’
P
To find Back Bearing from Fore Bearing
 Qn: Fore bearing of Line RS is 210o15’ find the back

bearing.
R
210o15’
Back Bearing =30o30’
S
Problem Example:
Below are the given observed bearings of the lines of Traverse
ABCDEA, with the compass in a plane where local attractions
are suspected, Find the corrected bearings of the lines?
Line F.B B.B

AB 191°45′ 13°0′
BC 39°30′ 222°30′
CD 22°15′ 200°30′
DE 242°45′ 62°45′
EA 330°15′ 147°45′

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A U

Lecture Composed By:

 It consists of a series of lines extending in the same general

 Sum of angles for a closed traverse = (2N ± 4) 900

 True meridians are fixed, whereas magnetic meridians vary

 True meridian may be established by astronomical

1. Whole Circle Bearing System (WCB)

 Qn: PB – S 25o 45’ E

 Qn: PC – S 45o 30’W

Case W.C.B between Rule of R.B Quadrant

 The Earth's magnetic field is very irregular and it

Slide Added at 17.02.2015

Slide Added at 17.02.2015

Slide Added at 17.02.2015

 Qn: Fore bearing of Line PQ is 38o15’, find Back

Back Bearing =218o15’

 Qn: Fore bearing of Line RS is 210o15’ find the back

Back Bearing =30o30’

Line F.B B.B

Slide Added at 17.02.2015

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