Module 2:

II .COMPASS and DIRECTION:

Surveyor’s Compass – an instrument for determining the horizontal direction of a

line with reference to the direction of the magnetic needle.

Prismatic Compass

Essential Features of Compass:

1. Compass Box – with a circle graduated from 0o to 90o in both directions from the N. and S.
points and usually having the E and W points interchanged.

2. Sight Vanes – which defines the line of sight in the direction of the SN points of the compass
box.

3. Magnetic needle – has the property of pointing a fixed direction namely, the magnetic
meridian.

Kinds of Compass:

1. Pocket compass – which is generally held in the hand when bearings are observed; used on
reconnaissance or other rough surveys.

2. Survey’s compass – which is mounted usually on a light tripod, or sometimes on a Jaco’s staff
(a point stick about 1.5m long).

3. Transit compass – a compass box similar to the surveyor’s compass, mounted on the upper
or winner plate of the engineer’s transit.
Sources of Errors in Compass Work:
1. Needle bent – if the needle is not perfectly straight, a constant error is introduced in all
observed bearings. The needle can be corrected by using pliers.

2. Pivot bent – if the point of the pivot supporting the needle is not at the center of the
graduated circle, there is introduced a variable systematic error, the magnitude of which
depends on the direction in which the compass is sighted. The instrument can be corrected
by bending the pivot until the end readings of the needle of the compass are 180 o apart for
any direction of pointing.

3. Plane of sight not vertical or graduated circle not horizontal.

4. Sluggish

5. Reading the needle

6. Magnetic variations

Advantages of Compass:

1. Compass is light and portable and it requires less time for setting up, sighting and
reading.

2. An error in the direction of one line does not necessary affect other lines of the survey.

3. The compass is especially adapted to running straight lines through woods and other
places where obstacles are likely to interface with the line of sight.
Disadvantages of a Compass:

1. The compass reading is not very accurate

2. The needle is unreliable especially with the presence of local attractions, such as
electric wires, metals magnets that may render it practically useless.

MERIDIANS: = are reference lines from which angle of directions of any line in the
surveying works are being referred.

Types of Meridian:

1. Assumed Meridian = is an arbitrary chosen fixed line of reference which is taken for
convenience.or any convenient direction from a survey station to some well defined permanent
object is known ,used for small area survey or to determine the relative directions of small traverse
Sometimes termed as Arbitrary Meridian.

2. True meridian- is the reference line on a plane passing through the geographical
North Pole or geographical South Pole and any point on the surface of the earth is
known as true meridian. It is also called as geographical meridian.

The angle between true meridian and line is known as true bearing of the line. It is also
known as azimuth.

3. Magnetic Meridian = is a fixed line of reference which lies parallel to the magnetic
lines of force of the earth or a line on the earth's surface approximating a great circle passing
through the north and south pole
4. Grid Meridian = is a fixed line of reference parallel to the central meridian of a system
of plane rectangular coordinates.

Latitude (shown as a horizontal line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds
of a point north or south of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels.
Longitude (shown as a vertical line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds,
of a point east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of longitude are often referred to
as meridians. The meridian through Greenwich, England, is called the Prime Meridian was set at
zero degrees of longitude,
. As there are 360 degrees in a circle, the meridian on the opposite side of the earth from
Greenwich, forming the other half of a circle with the one through Greenwich, is 180° longitude,
and the others lie between 0° and 180° of West longitude in the Western Hemisphere (West of
Greenwich) and between 0° and 180° of East longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere

Example Manila,:Phillipines country in the Cities place category with the gps coordinates of 14° 35'
58.2432'' N latitude and 120° 59' 3.1992'' E. Longitude

Magnetic declination – the angle that a magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian.

Secular Variation - A long, extremely slow swing of the needle of the compass.

Magnetic dip (magnetic inclination )– the vertical angle that the magnetic needle makes
with the horizontal due to uneven magnetic attraction from the magnetic
poles.

Isogonic lines – an imaginary lines passing through places having the same magnetic
declination.

Isoclinic lines – an imaginary line passing through points having the same magnetic dip.

Agonic lines – imaginary line passing through places having a zero declination.

HORIZONTAL ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS:

1.Interior Angle = is the angle measured on the

inside of a closed polygon or traverse.
∑int.< = (n – 2) 180o

2. Exterior Angle = is the angle measured outside of

a polygon or closed traverse.
3. Angle-to-the-Right = is an angle turned
(measured) in a clockwise direction, from the precede
line of a course of traverse.

Deflection Angle = is an angle between the

extension of the preceding line to the succeeding
line of a course of traverse.
∑L- ∑R =360o (for a closed traverse)

Bearing of a line is the angle from a reference

meridian measured, that is from the north or south
meridian, whichever is nearest, to the line.

Azimuth of a line is the clockwise horizontal angle

between the line and a given reference direction or
meridian. Usually south is the reference meridian
for geodetic and Civil engineering surveying works.

Adjustment of a closed compass traverse:

 When the compass traverse forms a closed figure, the interior angle at each station
is computed from the observed bearings at that particular point, the computed value,
which is free local attraction. The sum of the interior angles of a closed polygon must be
equal to (n – 2) 180o in which n is the number of sides of the polygon. Since the error of
observing a bearing is accidental, it is assumed to be distributed equally at each interior
angle. The bearings are then adjusted from a line whose observed bearing is to be correct
using the adjusted values of each interior angle.

Why are the East and West points of a compass interchanged?

From the figure shows a compass having a NS and EW calibration. In using a

compass, always sight the object with the north end of the compass and the compass
needle when pivoted and brought to rest gives the magnetic bearing.

Let us say an object on the right side is observed, sight this object with the north end of
the compass. The needle at this instant will point steadily on the magnetic north, so a
reading could now be obtained as shown as NE.

Sample Problems:

a.) The magnetic bearing of a line was recorded

as N 86° 40’ E in 1990 at a place where the
prevailing declination was 10° 30’ E. What is
the present magnetic bearing if the declination
is now 2° 50’ W?

True Bearing = 180° -10° 30’ -86° 40’

= S 82° 50’ E
Magnetic bearing =82° 50’ - 2° 50’
Magnetic bearing = S 80° E

B.) The true azimuth of a line measured from south

is 268° 30’. If the magnetic declination is 5OW,
what should be bearing used to retrace the line
in the field?
Magnetic bearing=180° - 88° 30’ -5°
Magnetic bearing = S 86°30’ E

c.) What is the angles of deflection between two

consecutive traverse line of a regular hexagonal polygon?
(6−2)180°
Interior angle of reg hex.= = 120°
6
Deflection angle = 180°-120° = 60° L or 60° R

D) .. Given the bearing of the sides of a closed quadrilateral

AB N 15° 15’ E
BC N25° 40’ E
CD S 50° 20’ E
DA S 18° 30’ W
Find the interior angle at point C of the quadrilateral.

Solution:
Sketch the given compass traverse.
Interior angle @C=50°20’ + 25°40’
= 76°

E) . the bearing of the line AB is recorded to

be S 37o W, Defection angle of line BC
is 50o R while CD has deflection angle
is 24o L. What is the azimuth of line CD?

Bearing CD = 50° + 37° -24°

= S 63° W

Azimuth = 63°
f). From the given data of a closed compass survey, compute the corrected bearing of
all the lines If the bearing of line AB is to be correct

lines Forward bearing Backward bearing

AB S 370 30’E N 370 30’W
BC S430 15’W N440 15’E
CD N730 00’W S720 15’E
DE N 120 45’ E S 130 15’W
EA N600 00’E S 590 00’W

G.) An Engineers notebook shows the deflection angles at every station of a close
traverse , the bearing of a line AB is N 41o 50’ E. determine the azimuth of all lines
of the traverse.
Station deflection angle
A 56o 52’ L
B 104o 10’ R
C 118o 14’ R
D 77o 32’ R
E 116o 36’

Station deflection angle Corrected deflection angle

E 56o 52’ L 56o 48’ L
A 104o 10’ R 104o 14’ R
B 118o 14’ R 118o 18’ R
C 77o 32’ R 77o 36’ R
D 116o 36’ R 116o 40’ R

ΣL-ΣR =(104o 10’ +118o 14’+ 77o 32’ + 116o 36’) - 56o 52’ = 359O 40’

𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 360𝑜 −359𝑜 40′

= = 04’
< 5

lines bearing azimuth

AB N410 50’E 2210 50’
BC S330 56’E 3260 04’
CD S840 22’W 840 22’
DE N180 02’W 1610 58’
EA S810 22’E 2780 38’
I).. The bounding sides of rectangular lot is surveyed at the time when the magnetic
declination is 8o to the E and found out that one of the side has a magnetic bearing of
S 87o 20’ W. Find the true bearing and azimuth of al sides of the lot.

Finding the True bearing:

TB = 180° -87° 20’ – 8°

TB = N 84° 40’ W
AB= N 84° 40’ W
BC= S 5° 20’ W
CD= S 84° 40’ E
DA= N 5° 20’ E

TRANSIT – TAPE SURVEY : TRAVERSING

Transit – a surveying instrument designed to measure horizontal and vertical angles

and direction of a line..
Types of Transit:
1. Engineer’s transit – is the universal instrument in surveying by reason of wide
variety of uses for which it is adapted. It may be employed for
measuring and laying off horizontal angles , directions, vertical
angles, difference in elevation.
2. Plain transit – a transit without a vertical circle and telescope level.
3. City transit – a transit without a compass and having a U-shaped one-
piece standard.
4. Mining transit – a transit provided with an auxiliary telescope, a reflector for
illuminating the cross hairs and a diagonal prismatic eyepiece for
upward sighting, 16o above the horizon.
5. Theodolite – a transit designed for surveying of high precision.
 6. Geodimeter – a transit which can measure distances using the principles of the speed
of light.
7. Total Station – a device similar to Theodolite but somewhat heavier,and bulkier due
to EDM units that surrounds the telescope and the additional control
button on the control panel and inboard computer or microprocessor.
It has a capability of storing data, making mathematical computations
such as determining horizontal and vertical components of slope
distances,computing elevations and coordinate calculation.

Digital Electronics Theodolite

Three Principal Subdivisions of a Transit and Parts under each Subdivision:

1. Upper Plate group:

a. Telescope and telescope level ,cross-hair adjusting screw
b. Telescope standard, focusing screw,
c. Telescope clamp and tangent screw
d. Vertical circle and vertical vernier
e. Plate levels, compass box, needle lifter,
f. upper clamp & tangent screw
g. inner spindle
h. horizontal vernier

2. Lower Plate Group:

a. Horizontal circle
b. Outer spindle
c. Optical plummet (optional)
 3. Leveling Plate Group:
a. Lower clamp and tangent screw
b. Leveling screws or foot screw
c. Leveling head
d. Foot plate , sliding plate.
e. Tripod head, plumb line hook

Line of Collimation – a line segment joining the intersection of the cross hairs and the
optical center of the objective lens when in proper adjustment.
Line of Sight – the line joining the intersection of the cross hairs and the optical center
of the objective lens, regardless of whether it is in adjustment or not.
When in adjustment, the line of sight and the line of collimation can
be termed either of the other.

Focusing – consists in the adjustment of the eyepiece and the objective so that the cross
hairs and the image can be seen clearly at the same time.
Hub is a peg driven flush with the ground and having a tack driven in its top to mark the
exact point of reference for measurements.

Open traverse – is a type of traverse which originate from a point of known position and
terminates at the point of unknown position.

Closed traverse is a type of traverse which originate at a point of known position and
closed on another point of known horizontal position .

Composition of transit-tape party:

1. instrument operator
2. head chainman
3. rear chainman

Equipment/materials for the transit-tape survey:

1. transit or theodolite
2. steel tape of desired length
3. range poles and plumb bob,chaining pins.
4. stakes and hubs, tacks,axe or hammer
5. field notebook (engineer fieldbook)

METHOD OF RUNNING TRAVERSE:

1. Deflection angle traverse 5. Compass traverse
2. Interior –angle traverse 6. Stadia traverse
3. Traverse by angle to the right 7. Plane table traverse
4. Azimuth traverse

Transit – Tape survey method.

 1.Radiation- a transit –tape survey method wherein the transit is set up at any
convenient station from which can be seen all points that it is desired to locate, distance
from the transit station to each of the points is measured and horizontal angles are
observed.

2. intersection - a transit –tape survey method which requires two transit station from
any convenient point from which can be seen all points that it is desired to locate, Distance
of the two transit station is measured and horizontal angles from each transit stations to
the desired points are observed. The measured distance between the two transit station
is termed as baseline. ( knowledge about Triangulation is needed in this method)

3. traversing – a transit-tape survey method wherein the transit is set up at every

traverse station to determine the angles and directions of the traverse line and the
distance is measured directly by tape.

1.Radiation Method.

By Radiation method the tabulated data was taken as shown, determine the
description of the line AB .

course Azimuth distance

PA 2010 20’ 140.0 m.

PB 2450 40’ 191.1 m.

PC 3330 30’ 156 m.

In this example determine the description of the

line AB .and BC,
Solving for AB description:
AB2 = (140)2 + (193.1)2 - 2 (140)(193.1)cos(440 20’)
AB =134.96 m.

𝑠𝑖𝑛<𝑃𝐴𝐵 sin⁡(440 20′ )

=
193.1 134.96

<PAB = 890 08’

Bearing AB = 810 08’ -21020’
= S 670 48’E

Solving for BC description:

BC2 = (156)2 + (193.1)2 - 2 (156)(193.1)cos(870 50’)
AB =243.61 m.
𝑠𝑖𝑛<𝑃𝐵𝐶 sin⁡(870 50′ )
=
156 243.61

<PAB = 390 47’

Bearing AB = 390 47’ +65040’
= S 250 53’
Triangulation Problems.
1. In the quadrilateral shown, A =
33000’, B = 34030’, C = 40030’ and
D = 37030’. Find the value of E and
F. Also determine the length of XY
if the opposite side is 560meters.

Solution:
Assume any number (length)to the side adjacens.t to the given angle: say 10 m long of the side
opposite to side XY.

From figure 2; solve WY by sine law,

𝑊𝑌 10
𝑠𝑖𝑛72 𝑜 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛75𝑜
WY = 9.85 m

With the solved value of WY

From figure 3; solve WX by sine law, and WX, determine XY by cosine

𝑊𝑋 10 law.
𝑜 ′ 𝑜=
𝑠𝑖𝑛40 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛72
WY = 5.96 m
Solving for length XY in figure 4:
XY2 = (5.96)2 + (9.85)2 - 2 (5.96)(9.85)cos(400 30’)
XY =6.58 m.
 6.58 9.85
′𝑜
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛<𝑊𝑋𝑌 <XYW =180- 760 27’ - 400 30’
𝑠𝑖𝑛40𝑜30
<WXY= 760 27’ <XYW = 630 03’

If the opposite side WZ = 560 meters just do ratio and proportion.

𝑋𝑌 6.58
= , XY = 368.48 m.
560 10
2. X,Y & Z are three shore signal of triangulation system for locating sounding. The
line XY measured 780 m with azimuth of 170o while line YZ measured 710 m with
azimuth of 194o. A sounding at O was taken on a boat , the angle < XOY = 38O 15’
and the angle < YOZ = 41O 45’ were measured simultaneously by sextant from the
boat to the three signals from the shore. Determine the distance XO and its bearing.

Solution:
̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑂 780 ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑂 710
= ; =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛38𝑜 15′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛41𝑜 45′

̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑂= 1259.35 sinθ ; ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑂= 1066.26 sin

1259.35 sinθ = 1066.26 sin

1.18 sinθ = sin ------(equation 1 )
Θ+  +156O + 41O 45’ + 38O15’ = 360O
Θ+  = 124O
 = 124O- Θ
Substitute to equation 1:
1.18 sinθ = sin(124O- Θ)
1.18 sinθ = sin124O)(cos Θ) + (sin Θ)(cos 124O)
1.18 sinθ = 0.83 cos Θ –(-0.56 sin Θ)
0.62 sinθ = 0.83 cos Θ
Tan Θ = 1.339
Θ = 53O14’
 = 124O- 53O14’ =70O46’
̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑂= 1259.35 sin(53O14’) = 1008.8 m.
 = +180O + 53O 14’ + 38O15’ = 88O31’

̅̅̅̅
𝑋𝑂 780
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛88𝑜31′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛38𝑜 15′

̅̅̅̅= 1259.48 m.
𝑿𝑶
̅̅̅̅ = 53O 14’ + 10O’
Bearing 𝑋𝑂
 ̅̅̅̅ = N43O 14’E
Bearing 𝑿𝑶

SET A # 3. To determine the distance and bearing between two towers C &D , an
intersection method was used. A line AB 220 m . long was established and a transit
was set up at tower C and D and the azimuth were taken as follows. Compute the
length of line CD and the bearing of line AB.
Line Azimuth

C-D 208o 30’

C-A 258o 00’
C-B 289o 00’
D-A 300o 30’
D-B 314o 30’

Assumed CD=10
̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐴 10
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛49𝑜 30′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛42°30′
̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐴 = 11.26 m.

AB2 =11.262 +22.912-2(11.26)(22.91)cos14°

AB = 12.29
By ratio and proportion:
̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 10
=
220 12.29
̅̅̅̅
𝑪𝑫= 179 m.
11.26 12.29
̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵 10 =
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛<𝐷𝐵𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛14°
𝑠𝑖𝑛80𝑜 30′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛25°30′ <DBA = 12° 48’
̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵 = 22.91 m.
<DAB = 180°-14°-12°48’ = 153° 12’
Bearing AB = 153° 12’+54°30’-180°
LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE
Latitude of any line – is the projection on a north and south lines. It may be called as north or
positive latitude and south or negative latitude.
Departure of any line – is the projection on the east and west line. West departure is sometimes
called negative departure and East departure is sometimes called
positive departure.
Line AB has its latitude AC and departure BC.
The angle Ө is the bearing of the line AB.
BC = AB Sin Ө
Departure = Distance x Sin Bearing
AC = AB Cos Ө
Latitude = Distance x Cos Bearing
Latitude
Dist =
CosBearing
Departure
Dist =
Sin Bearing

ERROR OF CLOSURE

In any closed traversed, there is always an error. No survey is geometrically perfect, until proper
adjustments are made. For a closed traversed, the sum of the north and south latitudes should always
be zero.

Error or closure = L +D2 2

L= error in latitude
D = error in departure
Error of closure
Re lative error of closure =
Perimeter of all courses
BALANCING A SURVEY

1) Compass rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude CL 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.

or departure of any course is to the total correction in latitude = ∑𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.
∑L
or departure as the length of the course is to the length of the
traverse. CD 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.
= ∑𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.
∑D

2) Transit rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or

CL 𝐿𝑎𝑡.
r departure of any course is to the total correction in latitude = 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ∑𝑙𝑎𝑡.
or departure as the latitude or departure of that course is ∑L
to the arithmetical sum of all the latitude or departures in
the traverse without regards to sign. CD 𝑑𝑒𝑝.
∑D
= 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ∑𝑑𝑒𝑝.

Sample Problems:
1. The field notes shows the result of the boundary of a lot. Determine the relative error of
closure, then balance the survey using Compass Rule.

lines bearing distance

S 580 08’E 20.48 m

AB
BC S 670 07’ E 18.64 m.
CD S 90 39’ W 48.00 m.
DE S 870 22’ W 47.56 m
EF N 60 21’E 43.00 m
FG N 290 52’E 30.00 m.

Solution :Using Compass rule:

Error or closure = 1.08 2 + 1.29 2 = 1.68m.
1.68 1
Re lative error of closure = =
207.68 124
 lines bearing distance latitude Dep Corr .latitude Corr Dep

S 580 08’E 20.48 m - 10.81 +17.39 - 10.92 +17.52

AB
BC S 670 07’ E 18.64 m. - 7.25 +17.17 - 7.35 +17.29

CD S 90 39’ W 48.00 m. - 47.32 - 8.05 - 47.57 - 7.75

DE S 870 22’ W 47.56 m - 2.30 -47.50 -2.55 -47.21

EF N 60 21’E 43.00 m + 42.74 +4.76 +42.52 +5.03

FA N 290 52’E 30.00 m. +26.02 +14.94 +25.87 +15.12

207.68 +1.08 - 1.29

Using Compass Rule

u
Computation for correction applied Computation for correction applied
to latitude to Departure

ClAB 20.48 CdAB 20.48

= 207.68 = 207.68
1.08 1.29

CL AB = 0.11 CD AB = 0.13

CL BC = 0.10 CD BC = 0.12

CL CD = 0.25 CD CD = 0.30

CL DE = 0.25 CD DE = 0.29

CL EF = 0.22 CD EF = 0.27

CL FA = 0.15 CD FA = 0.18

Solution :Using Transit rule

lines bearing distance latitude Dep Corr latitude Corr Dep

S 580 08’E 20.48 m - 10.81 +17.39 - 10.90 +17.59

AB
BC S 670 07’ E 18.64 m. - 7.25 17.17 - 7.30 +17.37

CD S 90 39’ W 48.00 m. - 47.32 - 8.05 - 47.68 - 7.96

 DE S 870 22’ W 47.56 m - 2.30 -47.50 -2.32 -46.94

EF N 60 21’E 43.00 m + 42.74 -4.76 +42.38 +4.82

FA N 290 52’E 30.00 m. +26.02 +14.94 +25.82 +15.12

error +1.08 - 1.29

Arith ∑ 136.44 109.81

Computation for correction applied Computation for correction applied

to latitude to Departure
CdAB 17.39
ClAB 10.81 = 109.81
= 1.29
1.08 136.44
CD AB = 0.20
CL AB = 0.09
CD BC = 0.20
CL BC = 0.06
CD CD = 0.09
CL CD = 0.37
CD DE = 0.56
CL DE = 0.02
CD EF = 0.0627
CL EF = 0.34
CD FA = 0.18
CL FA = 0.20

2. The field notes shows the result of the boundary of a lot. Determine the relative
error of closure, then balance the survey using Transit Rule., Compass Rule
lines Azimuth distance
AB 134O 30’ 410 m.
BC 189O 45’ 653.59 m
CD 289O 06’ 889.52 m
DE 333O 32’ 315 m
EA 65O 32’ 872 m

Solution:
lines Azimuth bearing distance Latitude Departure
AB 134O 30’ N 45O 30’W 410 m. + 287.37 - 292.43
BC 189O 45’ N 9O 45’ E 653.59 m +644.15 +110.89
CD 289O 06’ S 70O 54’ E 889.52 m - 291.07 +840.55
DE 333O 32’ S 26O 28’ E 315 m -281.99 +140.39
EA 65O 32’ S 65O 32’ W 872 m -361.15 -793.70
 Σ 3141.11 -2.69 +5.5
Arith Σ 1865.73 2177.76

Error of Closure = √(𝚺lat)2 + (𝚺dep)2

Error of Closure = √(2.69)2 + (5.5)2 = 6.12 m.

error⁡of⁡closure
Relative Error of Closure , (REC) =
perimeter⁡of⁡the⁡traverse

6.12 6.12 𝟏
Relative Error of Closure , (REC) = ÷ 6.12⁡ = 𝟓𝟏𝟑⁡
3142.11⁡

Using Transit Rule:

Correction for latitude: Correction for departure:

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡ 𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑒𝑝
= ⁡𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡Σ⁡lat = ⁡𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡Σ⁡dep
Σ⁡lat⁡ Σ⁡dep⁡

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵⁡ 287.37 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵⁡ 292.43

= ⁡1866.72 = ⁡2177.93
2.7 5.5

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵= 0.41 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵= 0.74

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐵𝐶= 0.93 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐵𝐶= 0.28
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐶𝐷= 0.42 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐶𝐷= 2.112
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐷𝐸= 0.41 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐷𝐸= 0.35
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐸𝐴= 0.52 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐸𝐴= 2.01

lines CORRECTED (transit rule)

Latitude Departure
AB + 287.78 - 293.17
BC +645.08 +110.41
CD - 290.65 +838.43
DE -281.58 +140.04
EA -360.63 -795.71
Using Compass Rule:

Correction for latitude: Correction for departure:

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= ⁡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ⁡𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Σ⁡lat⁡ Σ⁡dep⁡

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵⁡ 410 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵⁡ 410

= ⁡3140.11 = ⁡3140.11
2.7 5.5

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵= 0..35 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐴𝐵= 0.72

𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐵𝐶= 0.56 ⁡𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐵𝐶= 1.14
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐶𝐷= 0.76 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐶𝐷= 1.56
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐷𝐸= 0.27 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐷𝐸= 0.55
𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐸𝐴= 0.75 𝐶𝑡⁡⁡𝐸𝐴= 1.53

lines CORRECTED (compass rule)

Latitude Departure
AB + 287.78 - 293.17
BC +645.08 +110.41
CD - 290.65 +838.43
DE -281.58 +140.04
EA -360.63 -795.71