IRAC

IRAC
IRAC stands for:
• Issue
• Ruling
• Analysis
• Conclusion
Issue
• In the IRAC method of legal analysis, the "issue" is simply

a legal question that must be answered. An issue arises
when the facts of a case present a legal ambiguity that
must be resolved in a case or in other words, a legal
question which must be answered, as it determines the
result of the case.
• Question form (✔) Specific (✔)
• General (𝐱) “Whether or not the plaintiff should win the
case?” (𝐱)
• In order to answer the legal question (issue), one would
move to the next letter in the IRAC acronym: "R" – or
Rule.
Rule
• Also knows as the legal basis.

• The rule describes which law, legal principle, or doctrine
applies to the issue. The rule should be stated as a general
principal (✔), and not a conclusion (𝐱) to the particular
case.
• Law or Jurisprudence; “Under the law…”, “The law
provides…”, “The doctrine of ________ states…”
Analysis
• Also known as the Application

• The analysis is the most important, and the longest, part
of your answer. It involves applying the Rule to the facts
of the problem or question. You should use the facts to
explain how the rule leads to the conclusion.
• Conclusion (𝐱)
• “Here…”, “In this case…”, “As applied in this case…”
Conclusion
• Answers the issue

• States the result of the analysis
• “Therefore…”, “Hence…”, “Thus…”
• Depending on the format of answering, could just be the
restatement of the answer.
• Issue: “Whether or not there was a valid marriage?”
Conclusion: “Therefore, no valid marriage was entered
into by the parties.”
ALAC stands for:
• Answer
• Legal Basis
• Analysis/Application
• Conclusion
• 3 or 4 paragraphs
• Know when to make your answers concise or

extensive. Know what is needed.
Case Digests
• Facts
• Issue/s
• Held/Ruling
- Answer
- Legal Basis
- How the Court Applied the Law
- Conclusion
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Facts:
Petitioners seek a writ of mandamus to compel respondent government

officials to publish and/ or cause the publication in the Official Gazette of
various presidential decrees, letters of instructions, general orders,
proclamations, executive orders, letters of implementation and
administrative orders. The petitioners are also invoking that for laws to be
valid and enforceable, they must be published in the Official Gazette.
Respondents also contended that the publication in the Official Gazette is a

non-requirement for laws which provide their own affectivity date. Since the
issuances in question contain the date of effectivity, publication is not
necessary.
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Issue:
• Whether or not publication is necessary for laws which

have its own effectivity date?
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Held:
• Yes, publication is necessary even for laws which have their own
effectivity date.
• The Court anchored on Article 2 of the Civil Code which states that:
• “Laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their
publication in the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided.”
• Publication is indispensable because without such publication, there would
be no adequate notice to the general public of the various laws which are
to regulate their actions and conducts as citizens. It would render injustice
to punish or burden a citizen for the transgression of law which he had no
notice. Since publication is indispensable otherwise the law shall have no
binding force and effect, respondents can be compelled to cause the
publication of the said laws. Thus, the Court ordered respondents to
publish in the Official Gazette all unpublished presidential issuances
which are of general application,
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• What if the Issue was:
• Whether or not the petitioners have the legal personality

or standing to carry out the instant petition?
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Facts:
Petittioners seek a writ of mandamus to compel respondent government

officials to publish and/ or cause the publication in the Official Gazette of
various presidential decrees, letters of instructions, general orders,
proclamations, executive orders, letters of implementation and
administrative orders. The petitioners are invoking the right to be informed
on matters of public concern.
The respondents contended that the case should be dismissed outright on

the ground that petitioners have no legal standing to carry out such petition
since they are not personally and directly prejudiced by the non-publication
of the issuances in question.
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Issue:
• Whether or not the petitioners have the legal personality

or standing to carry out the instant petition?
TANADA vs TUVERA
G.R. No. L-63915, 24 April 1985
• Held:
• Yes, petitioners have legal personality to carry out the petition.
• Sec. 6, Article IV of the 1973 Constitution provides that the right of the
people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
• The Court held that "when the question is one of public right and the
object of the mandamus is to procure the enforcement of a public duty,
the people are regarded as the real party in interest.”
• The right sought to be enforced by petitioners herein is a public right
recognized by no less than the fundamental law of the land. Therefore,
petitioners have legal standing to carry out the petition.
1933 Bar Exam Question (Criminal Law)
• A received from B for safeguarding during B’s

absence abroad a sealed trunk containing valuable
articles. A afterwards broke the trunk open with a
hatchet without B’s consent and appropriated its
contents to his own use. What crime did A commit?
State your reason.
Estanislao Fernandez (4th Place, 1933)
• The test whether a crime is one or the other is: was the juridical
possession of the thing delivered with it to the offender? If so, then there
is estafa; otherwise, theft results.
• Juridical possession means a possession which gives the transferee a right
over the thing which, in the words of Judge Albert, the transferee may set
up even against the owner.
• Tested by this rule, it is respectfully submitted that A is guilty of estafa.
Estafa is committed by any person who shall defraud another by any of
the following means:
• (1) with ungratefulness or abuse of confidence, (2) by appropriating
money, goods, or other personal property received in trust, for
administration or on commission or under any obligation which imposes
the duty to deliver or return the thing.
• In the instant case, A was given the juridical possession over the trunk,
namely, the possession of a depositary, thereby imposing upon him by
the duty to hold the property in trust and to deliver it to B on demand.
1913 Bar Exam Question (International Law)
• Jusara, a Turkish subject, sells to Hatchina of the

same nationality, 100 slaves, for which the latter
gives a promissory note. The sale is made in Turkey
and is perfectly valid in that country. Both come to
Manila where Jusara sues Hatchina for failure to pay
the note. Will action prosper? Explain the doctrine
on this matter.
Manuel Roxas (1st Place, 1913)
• The action would not succeed.

• Although the contract was perfectly valid where made, yet the considera
tion for the same is not only illegal and immoral but is discountenanced
and condemned by all civilized countries. Our courts cannot let
themselves be the instrument for the enforcement of such a contract. It is
against our plain public policy and slavery being considered an inhuman
practice.
• Our courts would not even entertain a suit for the recovery of the
purchase price.
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IRAC

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What is the IRAC method and what does each letter stand for?

What is the difference between a general issue and a specific issue?

IRAC

IRAC stands for:

• In the IRAC method of legal analysis, the "issue" is simply

• Also knows as the legal basis.

• Also known as the Application

• Answers the issue

• Know when to make your answers concise or

Petitioners seek a writ of mandamus to compel respondent government

Respondents also contended that the publication in the Official Gazette is a

• Whether or not publication is necessary for laws which

• Whether or not the petitioners have the legal personality

Petittioners seek a writ of mandamus to compel respondent government

The respondents contended that the case should be dismissed outright on

• Whether or not the petitioners have the legal personality

• A received from B for safeguarding during B’s

• Jusara, a Turkish subject, sells to Hatchina of the

• The action would not succeed.

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