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    3 Practice 2 Extraction Technique

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    Nguyen Ngoc Lam Vy
    This document outlines an experiment on extraction techniques. It discusses how extraction involves transferring a solute from one solvent to another based on their relative solubilities. The goals are to separate acid, base, and neutral compounds from a mixture using extraction and measure melting points to check purity. Examples demonstrate extracting mixtures using water, dilute acid, or base to remove different impurity types. Students will separate a mixture of naphthalene, β-naphthol, and aspirin using these techniques.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 Practice 2 Extraction Technique

    Uploaded by

    Nguyen Ngoc Lam Vy
    53 views26 pages
    This document outlines an experiment on extraction techniques. It discusses how extraction involves transferring a solute from one solvent to another based on their relative solubilities. The goals are to separate acid, base, and neutral compounds from a mixture using extraction and measure melting points to check purity. Examples demonstrate extracting mixtures using water, dilute acid, or base to remove different impurity types. Students will separate a mixture of naphthalene, β-naphthol, and aspirin using these techniques.

    Original Title

    3 Practice 2 Extraction Technique (1)

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    This document outlines an experiment on extraction techniques. It discusses how extraction involves transferring a solute from one solvent to another based on their relative solubilities. The goals are to separate acid, base, and neutral compounds from a mixture using extraction and measure melting points to check purity. Examples demonstrate extracting mixtures using water, dilute acid, or base to remove different impurity types. Students will separate a mixture of naphthalene, β-naphthol, and aspirin using these techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    53 views26 pages

    3 Practice 2 Extraction Technique

    Uploaded by

    Nguyen Ngoc Lam Vy
    This document outlines an experiment on extraction techniques. It discusses how extraction involves transferring a solute from one solvent to another based on their relative solubilities. The goals are to separate acid, base, and neutral compounds from a mixture using extraction and measure melting points to check purity. Examples demonstrate extracting mixtures using water, dilute acid, or base to remove different impurity types. Students will separate a mixture of naphthalene, β-naphthol, and aspirin using these techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    PRACTICE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    POCH210603E

    Võ Thị Ngà, PhD

    Department: Chemical Technology


    Faculty: Chemical and Food Technology
    CONTENTS
    PART 1: INTRODUCTION
    A. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY ISSUES
    B. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

    PART 2: EXPERIMENTS
    Practice 1: Sublimation, Crystallisation, and Melting
    point determination techniques
    Practice 2: Extraction technique
    Practice 3: Distillation technique
    Practice 4: Chromatography techniques (TLC and CC) 2
    Practice 2

    EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE

    3
    Goals of the Practice
    After the Practice, students are able to

    • Present the principle of extraction technique and


    application of acid-base reaction in extraction.
    • Apply extraction technique to separate acid, base and
    neutral compounds from a mixture.
    • Apply melting point measurement technique to
    determine the purity of a solid compound.
    Liquid – liquid Extraction
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmvaOb1xb1o

    Watch video clip and answer the following questions:


    1. What is the purpose of extraction technique?
    2. Present the principles of extraction technique
    3. Describe the procedure and attentions of using separation
    funnel.
    4. How to break emulsion ?
    5. How to identify upper and lower phases.
    6. How to dry the solution after extraction?
    5
    Liquid – liquid Extraction
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmvaOb1xb1o

    6
    Extraction
    • Transferring a solute from one
    solvent into another is called
    extraction, or, more precisely,
    liquid–liquid extraction.
    • The solute is extracted from one
    solvent into the other because
    the solute is more soluble in the
    second solvent than in the first.
    • The two solvents must not be
    miscible (mix freely), and they
    must form two separate phases,
    or layers, in order for this
    7
    procedure to work.
    • When the two phases have separated again into two distinct solvent layers,
    an equilibrium will have been achieved such that the ratio of the
    concentrations of the solute in each layer defines a constant. The constant,
    called the distribution coefficient (or partition coefficient) K, is defined by

    where C1 and C2 are the concentrations at


    equilibrium, in grams per liter or milli- grams
    per milliliter of solute A in solvent 1 and in
    solvent 2, respectively
    Example:
    The system consists of 50
    mg of organic compound
    dissolved in 1.00 mL of
    water (solvent 1). In this
    illustration, the effectiveness
    of three 0.50-mL extractions
    with ether (solvent 2) is
    compared with one 1.50-mL
    extraction with ether. 8
    9
    > 10 mL

    < 10.0 mL

    < 4.0 mL

    10
    How to use the separatory funnel

    11
    Extraction -
    solvent denser
    than water

    12
    Extraction -
    solvent less
    denser than water

    13
    Drying agents

    14
    Drying procedure
    The drying procedure consists of four steps:

    15
    How to break emulsion
    An emulsion is a colloidal suspension of one liquid in another. Minute droplets of an organic
    solvent are often held in suspension in an aqueous solution when the two are mixed or shaken
    vigorously; these droplets form an emulsion. This is especially true if any gummy or viscous
    material was present
    in the solution.
    Some techniques
    may be used to
    break a difficult
    emulsion once
    it has formed.

    16
    Purification and Separation Methods

    Extractions is used to separate the desired product from a mixture.


    There are three categories of extraction, depending on the nature
    of the impurities designed to remove.
    - Extracting or “washing” an organic mixture with water.
    - Extraction of an organic mixture with a dilute acid, usually
    1–2 M hydrochloric acid.
    - Extraction of an organic mixture with a dilute base, usually
    1 M sodium bicarbonate.

    17
    Purification and Separation Methods

    The first category involves extracting or “washing” an organic


    mixture with water.
    • Water washes are designed to remove highly polar materials, such as in-
    organic salts, strong acids or bases, and low-molecular-weight, polar
    substances including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines.
    • Many organic compounds containing fewer than five carbons are water
    soluble.
    • Water extractions are also used immediately following extractions of a
    mixture with either acid or base to ensure that all traces of acid or base
    have been removed.

    18
    Purification and Separation Methods
    The second category concerns extraction of an organic mixture with
    a dilute acid, usually 1–2 M hydrochloric acid.
    • Acid extractions are intended to remove basic impurities, especially such
    basic impurities as organic amines.
    • The bases are converted to their corresponding cationic salts by the acid
    used in the extraction.

    • Cationic salts are usually soluble in the aqueous solution, and they are
    thus extracted from the organic material.
    • A water extraction may be used imme- diately following the acid extraction
    to ensure that all traces of the acid have been removed from the organic
    material. 19
    Purification and Separation Methods
    The third category is extraction of an organic mixture with a dilute
    base, usually 1 M sodium bicarbonate, although extractions with dilute
    sodium hydroxide can also be used.
    • The basic extractions are intended to convert acidic impurities, such as
    organic acids, to their corresponding anionic salts.

    • Anionic salts, being highly polar, are soluble in the aqueous phase.
    • As a result, these acid impurities are extracted from the organic material
    into the basic solution.
    • A water extraction may be used after the basic extraction to ensure that all
    the base has been removed from the organic material
    20
    Examples

    21
    Examples

    22
    Examples

    23
    Examples

    24
    Tasks of Practice

    • Propose the procedure to separate a mixture


    consisting of naphthalene, b-naphthol, aspirin.
    • Operate the experiment to separate a mixture
    consisting of naphthalene, b-naphthol, aspirin.

    25
    Reference

    [1] Donald L. Pavia, A Microscale Approach to Organic


    Laboratory Techniques, Brooks/Cole, Cengage learning,
    5th edition, 2013, 1042 trang.
    [2] Video clips from MIT OpenCourseWare

    26

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