CSE 350: Data Communications: Mostofa Rafid Uddin

CSE 350 : Data Communications
Mostofa Rafid Uddin

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
East West University
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West
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Data Rate and Bandwidth
A digital transmission system can transmit signals with bandwidth of 4

MHz. What is the maximum data rate? What is bandwidth increased to
8 MHz?
I. If the digital signal is composed of 2 sine components

II. If the digital signal is composed of 3 sine components
III.If the digital signal is composed of 3 sine components

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Equation of digital signal
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When signal has TWO components
Bandwidth = 3f – f = 2f In 1 period , the system transmits 2 bits

So,
According to question, in 0.5 μs , the system transmits 2 bits
2f = 4 MHz In 1 sec, the system transmits 2/(0.5x10^-6) bits
So, f = 2 MHz or 4 x10^6 bits
or 4 Mbits
So, T = 1/f = 0.5 μs So, Data Rate = 4 Mbps

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When signal has THREE components

So,
According to question, in 1 μs , the system transmits 2 bits
4f = 4 MHz In 1 sec, the system transmits 2/(1x10^-6) bits
or 2 Mbits
So, T = 1/f = 1 μs So, Data Rate = 2 Mbps

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If Bandwidth increased to 8 MHz and signal has THREE components

So,
According to question, in 0.5 μs , the system transmits 2 bits
4f = 8 MHz In 1 sec, the system transmits 2/(0.5x10^-6) bits
or 4 Mbits
So, T = 1/f = 0.5 μs So, Data Rate = 4 Mbps

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Same signal quality

Bandwidth ↑  Data rate ↑
Same bandwidth
Higher signal quality  lower data rate
Same data rate
Bandwidth ↑  better signal quality

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Digital and Analog Transmission
Transmission:
Communication of data by propagation and processing of
signals
Analog Transmission:
• Analog signal transmitted without regard to content
• Use amplifiers to boost signal, but it also amplifies noise
Digital Transmission:
• Concerned with content
• Repeaters are used. Repeaters receives the digital signal,
recovers the pattern of 1s and 0s, and retransmits a new
signal

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Transmission impairments
Perfect communications system:

received signal is identical to that
transmitted
Real communications system:

received signal is different from that
transmitted due to impairments
1. Attenuation (and attenuation
distortion)
2. Delay distortion
3. Noise

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Model of Transmission impairments
• Received signal is the attenuated/distorted transmitted

signal plus noise
• Challenge for receiver: from the received signal,
interpret the transmitted data

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Attenuation
It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with

increasing distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming
resistance of medium.

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Delay Distortion
It means change in the shape of signal. This is generally seen in composite

signals with different frequencies. Component signals with different
frequencies travel at different speeds through medium.
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Noise
Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver
Different Sources of Noise :

1. Thermal Noise
2. Intermodulation
3. Crosstalk
4. Impulse
Noise is additive: noise from all sources is added together to

get total noise (N)
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Noise
Thermal Noise
• due to thermal agitation of electrons
• present in all transmission devices and media
• Equally or uniformly distributed, called white noise
Intermodulation
• Interference from different frequencies sharing medium
• caused by malfunctions or excessive signal strength
Crosstalk
• a signal from one line is picked up by another
Impulse
• short spikes of noise from lightning, electrical disturbances
• short duration but high amplitude
• a minor annoyance for analog signals but a major source of error
in digital data
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Attenuation and Noise
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Channel Capacity
Channel capacity: maximum data rate at which data can be

transmitted over a given communication channel
Theoretical models allow for easy analysis and knowing upper

limits
Nyquist Capacity: assumes noise-free environment
Shannon Capacity: considers noise
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Nyquist Capacity
 Assumes channel that is noise free

 Given a bandwidth of B, the highest signal rate is 2B
 Single signal element may carry more than 1 bit; signal with M
levels may carry log2M bits
A telephone system with modem allows bandwidth of

3100 Hz. If the modem uses 8 voltage levels, then what is
the maximum data rate?
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Shannon Capacity
 Assumes channel with noise (practical)

 With noise, some bits may be corrupted; higher data rate, more bits
corrupted
 Increasing signal strength overcomes noise
Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of SNR

is almost zero. For this channel, calculate the shannon capacity.
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Math
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Questions
1. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a

bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need?
2. A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz assigned for

data communications. The signal to noise ratio is usually 3162.
Calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular phone line.
3. We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this

channel is 63. Can 4 signal levels be used?

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CSE 350 : Data Communications

Mostofa Rafid Uddin

A digital transmission system can transmit signals with bandwidth of 4

I. If the digital signal is composed of 2 sine components

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

When signal has TWO components

Bandwidth = 3f – f = 2f In 1 period , the system transmits 2 bits

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

When signal has THREE components

Bandwidth = 5f – f = 4f In 1 period , the system transmits 2 bits

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

If Bandwidth increased to 8 MHz and signal has THREE components

Bandwidth = 5f – f = 4f In 1 period , the system transmits 2 bits

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

Same signal quality

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

Perfect communications system:

Real communications system:

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

• Received signal is the attenuated/distorted transmitted

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

It means change in the shape of signal. This is generally seen in composite

Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver

Different Sources of Noise :

Noise is additive: noise from all sources is added together to

Channel capacity: maximum data rate at which data can be

Theoretical models allow for easy analysis and knowing upper

 Assumes channel that is noise free

A telephone system with modem allows bandwidth of

 Assumes channel with noise (practical)

Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of SNR

1. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a

2. A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz assigned for

3. We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this

Mostofa Rafid Uddin, Lecturer, Dept of CSE, East West

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