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    Experimental Psychology and The Scientific Method: Instructor: Mr. Omar T. Bualan

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    Andrea Jon
    The document discusses the importance of the scientific method in experimental psychology. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method, including making observations, asking questions, conducting background research, constructing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experimentation, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings. It contrasts this systematic approach with common sense psychology, noting that the scientific method helps overcome biases by gathering data in an impartial way. The document also describes the basic tools used in psychological research, such as observation, measurement, and experimentation.

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    Experimental Psychology and The Scientific Method: Instructor: Mr. Omar T. Bualan

    Uploaded by

    Andrea Jon
    87 views22 pages
    The document discusses the importance of the scientific method in experimental psychology. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method, including making observations, asking questions, conducting background research, constructing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experimentation, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings. It contrasts this systematic approach with common sense psychology, noting that the scientific method helps overcome biases by gathering data in an impartial way. The document also describes the basic tools used in psychological research, such as observation, measurement, and experimentation.

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    The document discusses the importance of the scientific method in experimental psychology. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method, including making observations, asking questions, conducting background research, constructing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experimentation, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings. It contrasts this systematic approach with common sense psychology, noting that the scientific method helps overcome biases by gathering data in an impartial way. The document also describes the basic tools used in psychological research, such as observation, measurement, and experimentation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    87 views22 pages

    Experimental Psychology and The Scientific Method: Instructor: Mr. Omar T. Bualan

    Uploaded by

    Andrea Jon
    The document discusses the importance of the scientific method in experimental psychology. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method, including making observations, asking questions, conducting background research, constructing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through experimentation, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings. It contrasts this systematic approach with common sense psychology, noting that the scientific method helps overcome biases by gathering data in an impartial way. The document also describes the basic tools used in psychological research, such as observation, measurement, and experimentation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

    AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

    I N S T R U C T O R : M R . O M A R T. B U A L A N
    OBJECTIVES

    • Understand why we rely on scientific method rather than common sense to


    explain behaviour
    • Learn the principles of the scientific method
    • Learn the basic tools of Psychological research
    • Understand how “cause and effect” is established by experimentation
    What is PSYCHOLOGY?

    - SCIENCE OF HUMAN
    BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL
    PROCESSES

    scientia
    “Knowledge” Content &
    Process
    ALL AREAS IN PSYCHOLOGY RELY ON
    SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
    PSYCHOLOGY uses
    scientific method?
    - A STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF
    INVESTIGATION.

    1. OB SER V A T IO N
    2. A S K A QU ES TI ON
    3. D O B A CK G R OU ND R ES EA R CH
    4. C ONS TR U CT A HY P O TH ESI S
    5. T EST H Y P OT H ESI S TH R O UGH
    EX P ER IM ENT
    6. A N A L YZ E TH E R ESUL T S
    7. D R A W A C ONC L USI ON
    8. C OM M U NIC A T E T H E R ESUL T S
    9. A P P L Y TH E R ESU L TS
    THE NEED FOR
    SCIENTIFIC METHOD
    • Commonsense Psychology – non-scientific data
    gathering that shapes our expectations
    • WE ARE ALL COMMONSENSE
    PSYCHOLOGISTS
    • Our ability to gather data in a “systematic and
    impartial” way is constrained by two very important
    factors: SOURCES OF PSCHOLOGICAL
    INFORMATION & INFERENTIAL STRATEGIES
    NONSCIENTIFIC
    SOURCES OF DATA
    • SEEM CREDIBLE AND TRUSTWORTHY
    – friends, family, peers, books, news but not always very
    good.
    • Once we believe we know something, we tend to
    overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs, and
    we seek, instead, confirmatory instances of behavior –
    CONFIRMATION BIAS
    – E.g. Horoscope, Friday the 13th and Full moon.
    WHO DO WE BELIEVE?
    • Popular (“Naniniwala na ako sa forever”)
    • Attractive (“Pogi”)
    • High in status (“My God, I hate drugs”)
    • Seemingly expert (“trust me I’m psychology!”)
    • Those who appear confident
    • Note: we gather a lot of information about
    behaviour from our own observations and
    interactions
    • Note 2.0: We are unaware of factors that
    influence our attitudes and behavior
    NONSCIENTIFIC INFERENCE
    • All commonsense psychologists are trait theorists
    • We are generally more accurate when we know someone well than we judge a
    stranger
    • TRAIT VS. SITUATION
    • STEREOTYPIC EXPECTATIONS can lead us to seek confirmatory
    instances of behaviour
    • GAMBLER’S FALLACY
    • OVERCONFIDENCE BIAS (more data, more confident we are in our judgements)
    CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN
    SCIENCE
    THE SCIENTIFIC MENTALITY
    SELF-CORRECTION
    GATHERING EMPIRICAL DATA
    PUBLICIZING RESULTS
    SEEKING GENERAL
    PRINCIPLES
    REPLICATION
    GOOD THINKING
    OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
    SCIENCE
    DESCRIPTION PREDICTION EXPLANATION CONTROL

    Systematic and Capacity for Knowledge of the


    knowing in conditions that Application of
    unbiased account
    advance when reliability what has been
    of the observed
    certain behaviors reproduce to learned about
    characteristics of would be expected occurrence of a
    behavior. behavior.
    to occur. behavior.
    IN GENERAL……

    • Applied research – research that is designed to solve real-world problems.


    – Helping patient to deal with grief
    – Dealing with a child having autism or ODD

    • Basic research – research designed to test theories or to explain psychological


    phenomenon in human and animals.
    – Research on reward and punishment
    – Test the theory of Albert Bandura (Cognitive Learning Theory)
    THE SCIENTIFIC MENTHOD: TOOLS OF
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    OBSERVATION
    Systematic noting MEASUREMENT
    and recording of
    events Assigning numerical EXPERIMENTATION
    values to objects or
    events or Undertaken to test a hypothesis
    characteristics - Predictions must be testable
    according to - Predicted outcomes must be
    conventional rules observable
    - Must be able to measure outcome
    SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    Identifying
    Antecedent Set of antecedent conditions ► behavior
    Conditions

    Comparing In Psychology experiment, we create specific sets of


    Treatment antecedent condtions we call “treatments”, then
    compare with each other.
    Conditions
    SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    The Psychology A psychology experiment is a controlled procedure


    Experiment in which at least 2 different treatment conditions

    Between-subjects
    Within-subjects Design
    Design
    SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    CONTROL
    Random assignment

    Presenting a treatment condition in an


    identical manner to all subjects

    Keeping the environment, procedures, and the


    measuring instruments constant
    SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    Establishing If XYZ leads to a particular behaviour, whereas others


    cause and do not, then XYZ causes the behaviour; cause and
    effect through experiments is called temporal
    effect relationship.

    Necessary vs.
    Sufficient 1. Losing weight
    Conditions 2. Experimentation
    HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
    (FROM PSEUDOSCIENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE)
    FROM PSEUDOSCIENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    POP PSYCHOLOGY

    WILHELM WUNDT

    G. STANLEY HALL
    Mental Philosophy - Europe
    FROM PSEUDOSCIENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

    Psychology as an experimental science did not emerge


    until late 1800s....

    • PHILOSOPHY (NOT A HELPING PROFESSION)

    • PSEUDOSCIENCE
    Phrenology - Franz Joseph Gall
    Physiognomy
    Mesmerism/Animal Magnetism - Franz Anton
    Mesmer (also known today as hypnosis)
    • He use magnet or his hands to mesmerize
    • Jean Martin Charcoat continue this.
    • Until it was introduced to Josef Breuer and
    Sigmund Freud.
    FROM PSEUDOSCIENCE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
    • Wilhelm Wundt
     Established the first experimental psychology laboratory in
    Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
     Schools of thought: Structuralism
     Elements of consciousness: sensation, Images and affections

    • G. Stanley Hall (Granville)


     Established first psychological laboratory in United States.
     Hall was a major force in organizing the field focusing on
    scientific approaches in 1883.
     First president of American Psychological Association (APA)
     Psychology today is heavily relying on DATA, FACTS,
    NUMBERS, EXPERIMENTATION
     STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT, OBEDIENCE TO
    AUTHORITY, TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
    ANY QUESTION?

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