Chemical Equilibrium: Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. and Bruce E. Bursten
Chemical Equilibrium: Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. and Bruce E. Bursten
Chemical Equilibrium: Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. and Bruce E. Bursten
Chapter 15
Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium
What is Equilibrium?
Equilibrium
What is Equilibrium?
Equilibrium
The Concept of Equilibrium
14.1
The Concept of Equilibrium
• As a system
approaches equilibrium,
both the forward and
reverse reactions are
occurring.
• At equilibrium, the
forward and reverse
reactions are
proceeding at the same
rate.
Equilibrium
A System at Equilibrium
Once equilibrium is
achieved, the
amount of each
reactant and product
remains constant.
Equilibrium
constant
Equilibrium
14.1
A System at Equilibrium
Rates become equal Concentrations become constant
Equilibrium
I. Static vs. Dynamic
• Generally speaking,
an equilibrium is a
state of balance.
• A static equilibrium is
one in which there is Wirednewyork.co
no motion.
Equilibrium
• A dynamic equilibrium
is one in which there is
motion despite there
being no net change.
• A chemical equilibrium
is an example of a
dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Depicting Equilibrium
Equilibrium
The Equilibrium
Constant
Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
The ratio of the rate constants is a
constant (as long as T is constant).
The expression becomes
Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant
To generalize, the reaction:
Equilibrium
SAMPLE EXERCISE 15.1 Writing Equilibrium-Constant Expressions
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Write the equilibrium-constant expression, Kc for
Equilibrium
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Write the equilibrium-constant expression, Kc for
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either
Direction
Equilibrium
14.1
Equilibrium Can Be Reached from
Either Direction
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from the last two trials
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either
Direction
Equilibrium
What Does the Value of K Mean?
• If K >> 1, the reaction
is product-favored;
product predominates
at equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
The equilibrium constant for a net reaction made up
of two or more steps can be found from the
equilibrium constants for the individual steps.`
At 1565 K we have these equilibrium constants:
ans=2.9 Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Calculations
Equilibrium
Le Châtelier’s
Principle
Equilibrium
Le Châtelier’s Principle
• Changes in Concentration
Equilibrium
Add
shifts left to
NH3
offset stress
Equilibrium
14.5
Le Châtelier’s Principle
• Changes in Concentration continued
Remove
Add Remove
Add
aA + bB cC + dD
Equilibrium
14.5
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Change Equilibrium
Change Shift Equilibrium Constant
Concentration yes no
Pressure yes no
Volume yes no
Temperature yes yes
Catalyst no no
Equilibrium
14.5
What Happens When More of a
Reactant Is Added to a System?
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
The Haber Process
The transformation of nitrogen and hydrogen into
ammonia (NH3) is of tremendous significance in
agriculture, where ammonia-based fertilizers are of
utmost importance.
Equilibrium
The Haber Process
If H2 is added to the
system, N2 will be
consumed and the
two reagents will
form more NH3.
Equilibrium
The Haber Process
This apparatus
helps push the
equilibrium to the
right by removing
the ammonia (NH3)
from the system as
a liquid.
Equilibrium