Tribhuvan University

IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus

A Final Thesis Defense

On
“Optimal Design of Battery Bank for Stand-Alone wind/PV Hybrid
System”
Presented By: Santosh Adhikari
MSDGE/074/018

Supervisor: Tek Nath Tiwari

Chief, Provincial Office
NEA, Pokhara 12 th August,2020

1
 Layout Of Presentation

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
6. References
7. Appendix

2
Introduction
Background:
o In order to meet the rising electrical power demand and increasing service quality demands, as
well as reduce pollution, minimizing the transmission and distribution losses and costs DG is
being used more
o The rapid depletion of fossil-fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search
for alternative energy sources. Of the many alternatives, photovoltaic and wind energy have been
considered as promising toward meeting the continually increasing demand for energy.
o For stand alone applications, storage cost still represents the major economic restraint. Combining
both wind power and PV power would lead to minimizing the storage requirements, and hence the
overall cost of the system.
o The high penetration of grid-connected PVs may reverse power flow in the network and introduce
new technical challenges to the system, such as voltage raise and imbalance. One of the solutions
to solve these problems is to use battery in addition to PV in each residential house to realize time-
shifting demand .
o When Distributed Generation Sources like solar PV and Wind Turbine are used in conjunction
with energy storage systems , they provide peak-shifting, support for grid ancillary services with
efficient and reliable operation.
3
Problem statement
 The inherent dependency of RESs on climatic and weather conditions makes it an intermittent and
stochastic energy source, which threatens the balance between generation and demand, and thus it
potentially leads to instabilities on the grid.
 The main challenges of the modern power systems that need to be addressed are: high cost for
peak generation, intermittency of renewable energy, unpredictable demand fluctuation, frequency
regulation, fossil fuel dependency, etc
 Improper sizing of the system components may result in higher MG cost and low reliability.
 An oversized PV array may increase the MG investment cost and decrease its stability due to the
unpredictable nature of solar power generation.
 Too much ESS capacity increases the cost and not enough ESS capacity may result in low system
reliability.

4
Objective:
 The main objective of this study is to make optimal design of Battery energy storage system
(BESS) with in PV/wind Hybrid system to meet the given demand. Others,
 To find the optimal size of ESS for an off-grid syatem by using GA method to minimize the total
cost of the system (which includes the capital and operating costs), while satisfying the load
demand at all times with a desired reliability.
 To develope a GA-based control strategy for reaching an optimum stand alone renewable-powered
BESS that enhances Reliability by minimizing the LPSP and decreasing the TCO while
considering the purchased and sold energy prices ,operation and maintenance costs, charges, and
taxes.

5
Scope and Limitation
 Modelling of Wind and PV generation to supply a given load averaged at every 30 minutes
interval in MATLAB environment, from the collected real-case input data.
 Calculation of undelivered power due to intermittency of solar irradiation and wind velocity,
further calculating the revenue loss from undelivered energy.
 Optimizing the size of the battery systems selected to deliver the unmet energy using to find the
best.
 The effects of PV and wind system parameters on the power generation and their sizing has not
been discussed.
 The tariff for electricity generation and supply are considered as fixed rates and not time of day
(TOD) tariff.
 The installed capacity of solar PV (75 kW) and wind power (200kW) is kept as constants, and
under no circumstances the generation from these sources exceed the total installed capacity i.e.
275 kW.

6
Literature Review
1. Bogdan S. Borowy presents a methodology for calculation of the optimum size of a battery bank and the
PV array for a stand- alone hybrid Wind-PV system is developed. Long term data of wind speed and
irradiance recorded for every hour of a typical day in a month For a given load and a desired Loss of
Power Supply Probability, an optimum number of batteries and PV modules was calculated based on the
minimum cost of the system.
2. Li, j.- proposes an optimal design for hybrid grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) Battery Energy Storage
Systems (BESSs). The optimization aims at minimizing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and the
Voltage Deviation (VD) while considering the direct and indirect costs for the prosumer, and the system
stability with regard to intermittent PV generation.
3. Tervo-E, Presents modular simulation model of a PV battery system has been developed and integrated
into a genetic algorithm framework in order to evaluate optimal sizing of such systems under various
boundary conditions.
4. Chong Li discuss about techno-economic feasibility study of an autonomous hybrid wind/PV battery
power system for a household in uremqi, china based on renewable energy resources and load data
research by using HOMER simulation software.

7
Methodology

Figure: sample of micro grid using different energy sources

8
Methodology contd..
 An attempt has been made to model Photovoltaic Solar and Wind Power as Distributed
Generation power sources interconnected to the grid.
 Then a formulation of the desired optimization problem with constraints for various energy
storage systems has been developed.
 The proposed battery storage explores a number of various energy storage devices integrated to
the Wind-PV hybrid renewable energy system
 The optimization problem considered various operational constraints of the battery systems, such
as power delivered by battery in an instant, State of Charge (SOC) of battery limitations, energy
discharge limitations, etc.
 The solution of this problem would be the optimized maximum energy delivered of the selected
storage systems with minimum annuitized cost.
 The sizing methodology is then modeled with a 275 kW stand – alone Wind-PV hybrid renewable
system (wind turbine-200 kw and PV 75 kw) and tested with two different types of batteries.
 Comparisons of the before and after scenarios are made based on techno-economic metrics.

9
Methodology (Contd…)

•Wind
  Turbine Modeling
The power generated in a wind turbine is evaluated using
Pw = 0 , at V ≤ Vci or V ≥ Vco Power Curve
250
= Pr. () , at Vci ≤ V ≤ V𝑟
= Prated at V𝑟 ≤ V ≤ Vco 200

150

Power (kW)
100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Wind Speed (ms-1)

Figure: Power Curve of the selected Hummer-200 wind turbine at various speed
10
Methodology contd..
•   System Modelling
PV
A silicon PV module output depends on many variables including the type of material, temperature,
and solar radiance incident on the surface of the module. Its output can be expressed as:
𝑃 pv = 𝑌pv𝑓pv [] [1 + 𝛼 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇STC)]

GSTC and 𝑇STC are taken to be 1000 W/m2 and 25∘C, respectively.
Temperature coefficient (𝛼) and Derating factor (𝑓pv) are considered as 0.4% and 97%, respectively.

11
Power dispatch curve
• Power dispatch is scheduled for every 30 minutes (computation for two time blocks) and any
mismatch of generated power in this time interval is nullified by the battery storage.
𝑃 gen (𝑡) = (𝑃𝑤 (𝑡) × 𝜂wt) + (𝑃pv (𝑡) × 𝜂pv)
𝑃diff (𝑡) = 𝑃gen (𝑡) − 𝑃dem (𝑡)
Dispatch Curve
80
70
60
Power(kW)

50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Half-Hour of Day

Peak Load (kW) for 50 kW P_total DG

12
Battery system modeling
• An intelligent battery charging/discharging management system must be established to control the
power flow in or out from the battery while trying to meet the load demand.
• When the charge state of batteries is below SOCmax and Pdem<Pgen, the excess of energy [(Pgen
- Pdem).ΔT] is stored in batteries, during the corresponding period ΔT.
• When it is above SOCmin and Pdem>Pgen, energy previously stored is used to support lack of
energy, [(Pdem - Pgen).ΔT] is discharged from batteries.
• When the state of charge is equal to SOCmax and Pdem<Pgen, the excess energy [(Pgen -
Pdem).ΔT is lost, during the corresponding period ΔT.
• When the state of charge is less than or equal to SOCmin and Pdem>Pgen, an unmet load occurs.
In this case, Pdem must be equal to Pgen by load shedding.
• The State-of-Charge (SOC) is the percentage of the maximum possible charge that is present
inside a rechargeable battery. SOC is normally used when discussing the current state of a battery
in use. The units of SOC are percentage points (100% implies a full battery state and 0% the
empty state).

13
•   Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage
 First optimization variable in the equation is battery cost which is a function of battery size
𝐸bess in kWh.
 Second term “Losses” include losses incurred due to power-spilling and load-shedding
caused by inadequate storage.
 From the maximum power surplus/deficit (𝑃diff(𝑡)) , the average energy requirement for the
battery (kWh) is calculated on a per day range:
𝐸batt (kWh) = max { × Δ𝑡}
 Required Battery capacity in kWh:
𝐸batt(max) (kWh) =
Correction factor for effect of temperature & ageing = (0.964 ∗ 1.15) = 1.108 ≈ 110%
 Required Battery capacity in Ah:
𝐸cap (Ah) =

14
 Start
.
Initialize i=1
Input
irradiance,temperature,wind
Evaluate Pwind,PPV and Pgen
velocity

Evaluate Pdem Input hourly power

demand

Evaluate P_delivered and surplus/deficit

System Constraints
(Pb,Eb,SOC)
Evaluate Battery capacity using GA
 

Iteration=Maxi
Increase iteration i=i+1 mum?

Implement Proposed battery capacity to evaluate

system performance

Conduct economic analysis

Tabulate the result for various battery system

Figure:flow chart of energy storage sizing
Stop methodology.
15
Objective Function and Constraints..
• 
Objective function:
• Minimize: Annualized Cost = Battery Cost + Losses
Where, Battery Cost = (Ebess x χ) x (1 + γ) x CRF
CRF =
r =
χ = Cost of Battery system (Rs/kWh)
γ = Fraction of Operation and Maintenance cost to Fixed Cost
r is the discount rate, and 𝑛 denotes the lifetime of battery
 The wind-PV system incurs losses under two conditions
1. Power Spilled (when Pgen>Pdem)
𝑃spil (𝑡) = 𝑃gen (𝑡) − 𝑃dem (𝑡)
2. Power Shed (when Pgen<Pdem)
𝑃shed (𝑡) = 𝑃dem (𝑡) − 𝑃gen (𝑡)

16
Constraints

 The constraints bounding the optimization problem are as follows:

1. Power balance constraints is 𝑃 gen(𝑡) = 𝑃dem(𝑡) + 𝑃𝑏(𝑡).
2. Battery power limit constraints is 𝑃𝑏,min ≤ 𝑃𝑏(𝑡) ≤ 𝑃𝑏,max.
3. Battery SOC constraints is SOC min ≤ SOC(𝑡) ≤ SOC max,
where SOC(𝑡) = SOC(𝑡 − 1) ± 𝑃𝑏(𝑡) × (Δ𝑡/𝐸bess).
4. Battery energy limit constraints is 𝐸𝑏,min ≤ 𝐸𝑏(𝑡) ≤ 𝐸𝑏,max.
•For discharging, (𝑡) = max{(𝐸𝑏(𝑡 − 1) - (Δ𝑡 ×𝑃𝑏(𝑡))/𝜂dis), 𝐸𝑏,min}
•For charging, (𝑡) = min{(𝐸𝑏(𝑡 − 1) + (Δ𝑡 × 𝑃𝑏(𝑡)) × 𝜂chg), 𝐸𝑏,max}

17
Battery ratings and specification per module

S.N Type Rating Voltag Life in Charging Discharging DOD cost

e Years efficiency efficiency %
1 Lead- 200 Ah 6 6 95 80 70 $
Acid 160/modu
le
($118.5/k
wh)
2 Li-ion 200 Ah 12 10 99 95 80 $2000/mo
dule
($833.3/k
wh)
 
3 Ni-cd 100 Ah 12 15 87 80 100 $
700/modu
le
($583/
kwh)
4 Na-s 50 kw 48 15 99 88 100 $400/kwh
5 VRB 50 kw 48 18 98 85 75 $600/kwh

18
Results And Discussion
Solar irradiance and wind velocity data
7
Wind Velocity

Solar Irradiance and Temperature 6

1200.00 25.00

1000.00 5
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)

20.00

Temperature (°C)
800.00
15.00

Velocity (m/s)
4
600.00
10.00
400.00
3
200.00 5.00

0.00 0.00 2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46

Half-Hour of Day 1

solar irradiance (W/m2) Ave Temperature (°C) 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Minutes

Figure: Solar irradiance and wind velocity data over 24 hours

for typical month at Pokhara airport

19
Load Curve

Load curves of Annapurna housing

Figure: Showing the Load curve for Annapurna housing pokhara

20
Contd..
.
Hybrid system Output with Battery Storage
60
50
40
Power (kW)

30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
-10
-20
Hour of Day

Peak load for Annapurna housing E_Bess(kWh) Delivered Power(P_del) P(PV) P(WT)

Figure: Energy output with battery storage system

21
After battery placement
.
6 Best: 1.1467e+06 Mean: 1.14692e+06
10
3
Best fitness
2.5 Mean fitness

Fitness value 2

1.5

1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generation
Current Best Individual
300
Current best individual

200

100

0
1 2
Stop Pause Number of variables (2)

Figure: The genetic algorithm optimization process finding the minimum best
value of the battery and inverter size
22
 Contd..

..
Demand/Generation Mismatch vs Time of day Plot
200

150
Generation & Demand Mismatch

100

50

-50
0 500 1000 1500
Time of Day in Minutes

Figure: Generation Demand mismatch Figure: Generation demand mismatch PV

Zero and wind 100 %

23
Result contd..

Figure: Generation demand mismatch wind Zero

Figure: Generation demand mismatch with
and PV 100 %
wind50% PV 50%

24
Contd..

. SOC vs Time Plot

100

90 SOC vs Time Plot

110

80 100

90
70
Battery SOC

80

Battery SOC
60 70

60
50
50
40
40

30 30

20
20 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Simulation Time in Minutes
Simulation Time in Minutes

Figure: SOC Vs time before optimization and after optimization

25
 Contd….
Surplus/deficit Generation/demand after battery placement vs Time Plot Surplus/deficit Generation/demand after battery placement vs Time Plot
200 300
.
250
Surplus Power after Battery placement

Surplus Power after Battery placement

150

200

100
150

50 100

50
0

-50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 -50
Simulation Time in Minutes 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Simulation Time in Minutes

Figure: surplus/deficit power after battery placement for PV zero condition and PV 75
kW and wind 200 kW condition.

26
. Surplus/deficit Generation/demand after battery placement vs Time Plot
250
Surplus Power after Battery placement

200

150

100

50

-50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Simulation Time in Minutes

Figure: Surplus/deficit generation at PV/wind 50 %

27
Battery optimizing result

. Table showing Before and after optimization

S.N Type Rating in Capacity in No of Investment Investment
Ah/Module Ah modules in $ in NPR

 1 Lead-acid 225 49487.94 440 70,383 7,953,279

 2 Li-ion 200 34991.47 175 349,915 38,490,619

S.N Type Rating in Capacity in No of Investment Investment

Ah/module Ah Modules in $ in NPR

 1 Lead-acid 225 21418.33 190 30,642 3,462,546

 2 Li-ion 200 18945.67 95 189,457 21,408,641

28
Contd..

.
Investment for BESS
45000000

40000000

35000000

30000000

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
Before-Optimization After-Optimization

Lead-Acid Li-ion

FFigure: Investment for BESS before and after optimization

29
Economics Analysis before and after optimization..
Type Energy Revenue SPBP DPBP NPV LPSP BCR
Delivered in Earned(Rs)
KWh
Lead-Acid 182,160 2,003,760 4.60 6.45 1,641,695 0% 0.95
Li-ion 182,160 2,0030760 10.25  12.35 (29,896,127) 0% 0.41

Type Energy Revenue SPBP DPBP NPV LPSP BCR

Delivered in Earned(Rs)
KWh
Lead-Acid 181,250 1,993,750 1.33 1.48 14,390,879 0% 3.28

Li-ion 181,250 1,993,750 3.11 3.89 17,484,979 0% 1.99

30
Contd..

.
Battery size kWh
450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
PV 75/wind 200 PV 275/wind 0 PV 0/wind 275 PV 137/wind 137

Figure: Battery size For different energy mixing

scenario.

31
 Contd..
. Parameters Daily Annually
Total Energy Supply From DG sources,kWh 746.23 272,375
Total Demand,kWh 510 186,150
Delivered Energy w/o Battery,kWh 296.45 108,205
Deficit Sum,kWh 213.55 77,945
Surplus Sum,kWh 449.78 164,170

Delivered Energy w/ Battery,kWh(Before optimization) 499 182,135

Delivered Energy w/ Battery,kWh(After optimization) 497.18 181,470

Revenue Loss Deficit(Rs) 7474.21 2,728,088
Revenue Loss Spill (Rs) 3283.41 1,198,444
Sum of Loss(Rs) 10757.6 3,926,532
Revenue Delivered(Rs) 3260.96 1,190,251

LPSP before storage =(Deficit/Demand) 41.80%

LPSP after storage 2.00% 32

Conclusion and Recommendation
We have successfully developed GA based optimization algorithm for battery and PV size optimization
to realize energy cost savings. The optimization does not only generate optimal battery size but also
provides corresponding battery charge/discharge operations according to generation and demand
balance.
Profits gained by cutting down on spilling and shedding losses, reducing the LPSP from 40.60% to 0%,
were used as payback for recovering the investments .
The investment cost of the battery required for the fulfilment of same energy demand is seen to be
reduced significantly when optimization algorithm is used ,by minimizing the battery cost and losses
occurred.
We can save the spilled energy during off peak period and can fed back during the peak period.
Although initial investment become large using battery energy storage we can save huge amount
annually and can return investment around three to nine years before optimization where as two to five
years after optimization for lead acid and Li-ion batteries.
Thus, battery storage are concluded to be not only reliable but also profitable alternatives for aiding the
existing and upcoming renewable power projects in Nepalese power market scenario.After
optimization the number of battery module is decreased which shows the saving in economic values.

33
References
1. Bogdan S. Borowy “ Methodology for Optimally Sizing the Combination of a Battery Bank and PV
Array in a Wind/PV Hybrid System” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 2, June
1996.
2. Li, J. Optimal Sizing of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Battery Systems for Residential Houses in
Australia. Renew. Energy 2019, 136, 1245–1254.
3. Tervo, E.; Agbim, K.; DeAngelis, F.; Hernandez, J.; Kim, H.K.; Odukomaiya, A. An economic
analysis of residential photovoltaic systems with lithium ion battery storage in the United States.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 94, 1057–1066.
4. Traoré, A., Elgothamy, H. and Zohdy, M.A. (2018) Optimal Sizing of Solar/Wind Hybrid Off-Grid
Microgrids Using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering.
5. Furukakoi, M.; Adewuyi, O.B.; Matayoshi, H.; Howlader, A.M.; Senjyu, T. Multi objective unit
commitment with voltage stability and PV uncertainty. Appl. Energy 2018, 228, 618–623
6. https://www.lithiumion-batteries.com/products/12v-300ah-lithium-ion-battery/12v-300ah- lithiu
m-ion-
battery.php.
7. https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/1681-hummer-h25.0-200kw.
34
Thank You !!!

35
Appendix
Peak Load Peak Load Peak load PeakLoad Delivered
  Time Block Peak Load (kW) for 50 (kW) for 250 (kw)for industrial (500 P_total DG P_diff E_Bess(kWh Power(P_del
(kVA) )
kW kW pokharahomes kva) )

July 1 7.82 6.65 25.00 6.65 240.09 0.00 -6.65 -3.32 0.00
  2 7.08 6.02 25.00 6.02 206.84 0.00 -6.02 -3.01 0.00
  3 8.92 7.58 30.00 7.58 233.30 13.50 5.92 2.96 7.58
  4 9.99 8.49 30.00 8.49 180.93 26.80 18.31 9.16 8.49
  5 8.82 7.50 35.00 7.50 204.12 27.70 20.20 10.10 7.50
  6 10.94 9.30 40.00 9.30 208.10 11.40 2.10 1.05 9.30
  7 14.19 12.06 40.00 12.06 215.72 8.00 -4.06 -2.03 8.00
4:00 8 14.40 12.24 50.00 12.24 183.35 9.50 -2.74 -1.37 9.50
  9 24.75 21.04 50.00 21.04 206.70 10.70 -10.34 -5.17 10.70
5:00 10 15.56 13.22 35.00 13.22 199.65 0.00 -13.22 -6.61 0.00
  11 24.67 20.97 65.00 20.97 213.18 0.14 -20.83 -10.41 0.14
6:00 12 20.05 17.04 70.00 17.04 223.63 2.60 -14.44 -7.22 2.60
  13 23.23 19.74 75.00 19.74 205.81 5.40 -14.35 -7.17 5.40
7:00 14 20.42 17.36 80.00 17.36 247.40 6.78 -10.58 -5.29 6.78
  15 22.56 19.18 90.00 19.18 292.72 22.19 3.01 1.50 19.18
8:00 16 26.24 22.30 100.00 22.30 283.03 28.92 6.62 3.31 22.30
  17 21.12 17.95 125.00 17.95 276.54 21.79 3.84 1.92 17.95
9:00 18 7.02 5.97 100.00 5.97 269.01 47.08 41.12 20.56 5.97
  19 8.27 7.03 100.00 7.03 297.27 57.36 50.33 25.17 7.03
10:00 20 6.91 5.87 90.00 5.87 279.37 60.26 54.39 27.20 5.87
  21 7.79 6.62 80.00 6.62 268.20 55.21 48.59 24.30 6.62
11:00 22 7.76 6.60 85.00 6.60 288.59 66.35 59.75 29.87 6.60
  23 8.95 7.61 75.00 7.61 248.25 65.60 57.99 28.99 7.61
12:00 24 17.28 14.69 80.00 14.69 221.47 60.54 45.85 22.92 14.69

36
  25 19.02 16.17 85.00 16.17 258.05 72.46 56.29 28.15 16.17
13:00 26 6.82 5.80 80.00 5.80 236.15 61.96 56.16 28.08 5.80
  27 19.02 16.17 75.00 16.17 282.32 56.30 40.13 20.07 16.17
14:00 28 19.01 16.16 100.00 16.16 279.01 60.30 44.14 22.07 16.16
  29 32.74 27.83 105.00 27.83 268.06 61.57 33.73 16.87 27.83
15:00 30 33.07 28.11 110.00 28.11 218.59 52.94 24.83 12.41 28.11
  31 35.29 30.00 115.00 30.00 201.36 54.80 24.80 12.40 30.00
16:00 32 29.88 25.40 110.00 25.40 237.54 48.51 23.11 11.56 25.40
  33 18.16 15.44 110.00 15.44 216.97 42.05 26.61 13.30 15.44
17:00 34 16.67 14.17 115.00 14.17 194.72 33.21 19.04 9.52 14.17
  35 6.56 5.58 100.00 5.58 183.67 10.71 5.13 2.57 5.58
18:00 36 18.55 15.77 125.00 15.77 224.91 18.75 2.98 1.49 15.77
  37 15.07 12.81 130.00 12.81 241.27 1.24 -11.57 -5.79 1.24
19:00 38 7.54 6.41 150.00 6.41 249.62 32.39 25.98 12.99 6.41
  39 6.12 5.20 165.00 5.20 256.42 17.80 12.60 6.30 5.20
20:00 40 6.92 5.88 160.00 5.88 198.55 20.20 14.32 7.16 5.88
  41 7.48 6.36 140.00 6.36 258.28 20.20 13.84 6.92 6.36
21:00 42 6.33 5.38 115.00 5.38 236.19 9.00 3.62 1.81 5.38
  43 7.72 6.56 100.00 6.56 277.11 9.50 2.94 1.47 6.56
22:00 44 6.54 5.56 75.00 5.56 260.02 8.00 2.44 1.22 5.56
  45 6.45 5.48 75.00 5.48 224.93 7.50 2.02 1.01 5.48
23:00 46 7.58 6.44 50.00 6.44 272.04 0.00 -6.44 -3.22 0.00
  47 7.45 6.33 40.00 6.33 234.29 0.00 -6.33 -3.17 0.00
0:00 48 6.46 5.49 30.00 5.49 257.29 0.00 -5.49 -2.75 0.00
      587.5343      1307.214 719.6801  454.47

        W/O opt     E_batt(kWh)=   359.84 

                     
DoD Eff (n) E_bess (kWh)     E_bess (Ah)
         
           
Lead-Acid 0.70 0.76 1488.06036 124005
           
           
Li-ion 0.80 0.94 1052.16389 87680.32
           
           
Ni-Cd 1.00 0.696 1137.42545 94785.45
           
           
Na-S 1.00 0.8712 908.686998 75723.92
           
           
VRF 0.75 0.833 1267.14384 105595.3
           
                     
                     

 
Correction factor temp and
For All: aging=0.964&1.15                

 
  Days of Autonomy(D)=2                

 
for 12 V system
  (Ah)=KWh*1000/V                

37
. Economic
Table: analysis        
parameters
S. N.Symbol Parameter Value    
Rs 7.30 per
1Rsgen Renewable energy selling price    
kWh
Rs 35 per
2Rsd Diesel energy generation price    
kWh

3Rsdem Revenue earned by the system Rs 11 per    

kWh
4inr Rate of interest 12%   
5inf Inflation rate 6.30%   
6r Discounted rate of interest 5.36%   
OnM charges of battery as percent of
7onm investment cost 3%   

8exch Exchange rate of Rupees with USD Rs 115/$    

38