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    Basic Program Construction (Lecture-4)

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    Ermias Mesfin
    Here is a corrected version of the program that adds "AAiT" on a new line: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; cout << "AAiT" << endl; return 0; }

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Basic Program Construction (Lecture-4)

    Uploaded by

    Ermias Mesfin
    22 views16 pages
    Here is a corrected version of the program that adds "AAiT" on a new line: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; cout << "AAiT" << endl; return 0; }

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Here is a corrected version of the program that adds "AAiT" on a new line: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; cout << "AAiT" << endl; return 0; }

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    22 views16 pages

    Basic Program Construction (Lecture-4)

    Uploaded by

    Ermias Mesfin
    Here is a corrected version of the program that adds "AAiT" on a new line: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!\n"; cout << "AAiT" << endl; return 0; }

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Basic Program Construction

    Lecture 4

    1
    A (Very) Simple C++ Program

    Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by writing a program.
    Therefore, the above shall be our first program.

    2
    Structure of a C++ Program

    This is a comment line. All lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are
    considered comments and do not have any effect on the behavior of the
    program. The programmer can use them to include short explanations or
    observations within the source code itself. In this case, the line is a brief
    description of what our program is.

    3
    Structure of a C++ Program

    Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are preprocessor directives. They are
    not regular code lines with expressions but indications for the compiler's
    preprocessor. In this case the directive #include<iostream> tells the
    preprocessor to include the iostream standard file. This specific file
    (iostream) includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output
    library in C++, and it is included because its functionality is going to be
    used later in the program.
    4
    Structure of a C++ Program

    All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is
    called a namespace, the namespace with the name std. So in order to
    access its functionality we declare with this expression that we will be using
    these entities.

    5
    Structure of a C++ Program

    This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main


    function. The main function is the point by where all C++ programs start
    their execution, independently of its location within the source code. It is
    essential that all C++ programs have a main function.
    The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()).
    Right after these parentheses we can find the body of the main function
    enclosed in braces ({}). What is contained within these braces is what the
    function does when it is executed. 6
    Structure of a C++ Program

    This line is a C++ statement. A statement is a simple or compound


    expression that can actually produce some effect. In fact, this statement
    performs the only action that generates a visible effect in our first program.
    A statement ends with a semicolon character (;). Note that cout is included
    within the std namespace of the iostream standard file and is used to
    display characters in the standard output stream like the computer
    monitor, for example.
    7
    Structure of a C++ Program

    The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be
    followed by a return code (in our example is followed by the return code
    with a value of zero). A return code of 0 for the main function is generally
    interpreted as the program worked as expected without any errors during
    its execution. This is the most usual way to end a C++ console program.

    8
    Structure of a C++ Program

    You may have noticed that not all the lines of this program perform
    actions when the code is executed. There were lines containing only
    comments (those beginning by //). There were lines with directives for the
    compiler's preprocessor (those beginning by #). Then there were lines that
    began the declaration of a function (in this case, the main function

    9
    The program has been structured in different lines in
    order to be more readable, but in C++, we do not
    have strict rules on how to separate instructions in
    different lines. For example, instead of

    We could have written:

    All in just one line and this would have had exactly the same
    meaning as the previous code.
    10
    In C++, the separation between statements is specified with an ending
    semicolon (;) at the end of each one, so the separation in different
    code lines does not matter at all for this purpose.

    We can write many statements per line or write a single statement that
    takes many code lines. The division of code in different lines serves
    only to make it more legible and schematic for the humans that may
    read it.

    Let us add an additional instruction to our first program:

    11
    What are the differences and similarities between the
    following programs?

    They all have the same output except


    readability
    12
    Comments
    Comments are parts of the source code disregarded by the
    compiler. They simply do nothing. Their purpose is only to allow
    the programmer to insert notes or descriptions embedded
    within the source code.
    C++ supports two ways to insert comments:

    The first of them, known as line comment, discards everything from


    where the pair of slash signs (//) is found up to the end of that same line.

    The second one, known as block comment, discards everything between


    the /* characters and the first appearance of the */ characters, with the
    possibility of including more than one line.
    We are going to add comments to our second program:

    13
    Special Characters

    14
    Special Characters(Escape Sequences)

    15
    Fix this program & Add “AAiT” on
    new line

    16

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