Early Plant Disease Detection Using AI

*Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and should not be used

line 1: 1st Given Name Surname

line 1: 2nd Given Name Surname line 1: 3rd Given Name Surname
line 2: dept. name of organization
line 2: dept. name of organization line 2: dept. name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 3: name of organization
line 3: name of organization line 3: name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 4: City, Country
line 4: City, Country line 4: City, Country
line 5: email address or ORCID
line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID
line 1: 4th Given Name Surname
line 1: 5th Given Name Surname line 1: 6th Given Name Surname
line 2: dept. name of organization
line 2: dept. name of organization line 2: dept. name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 3: name of organization
line 3: name of organization line 3: name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 4: City, Country
line 4: City, Country line 4: City, Country
line 5: email address or ORCID
line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template and A. Abbreviations and Acronyms
already defines the components of your paper [title, text, Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use
used in the text, even after they have been defined in the
Symbols, Special Characters, Footnotes, or Math in Paper Title
or Abstract. (Abstract) abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc,
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations
Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
words)
B. Units
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)  Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI
This template, modified in MS Word 2007 and saved as a units are encouraged.) English units may be used as
“Word 97-2003 Document” for the PC, provides authors secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would
with most of the formatting specifications needed for be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such
preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard as “3.5-inch disk drive”.
paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1)  Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current
ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often
compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the leads to confusion because equations do not balance
concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly
conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. state the units for each quantity that you use in an
Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are equation.
built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout
this document and are identified in italic type, within  Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of
parentheses, following the example. Some components, such units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not
as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not “webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear in
prescribed, although the various table text styles are text: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”.
provided. The formatter will need to create these  Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”.
components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow. Use “cm3”, not “cc”. (bullet list)

II. EASE OF USE C. Equations

The equations are an exception to the prescribed
A. Selecting a Template (Heading 2)
specifications of this template. You will need to determine
First, confirm that you have the correct template for your whether or not your equation should be typed using either the
paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other
A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary
close this file and download the Microsoft Word, Letter file. to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text
after your paper is styled.
B. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers,
The template is used to format your paper and style the within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using
text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you
are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate
peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and
measures proportionately more than is customary. This variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than
measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas
that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in:
proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do
not revise any of the current designations.
ab 
III. PREPARE YOUR PAPER BEFORE STYLING
Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop.
Before you begin to format your paper, first write and Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined
save the content as a separate text file. Complete all content before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not
and organizational editing before formatting. Please note “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a
sections A-D below for more information on proofreading, sentence: “Equation (1) is . . .”
spelling and grammar.
Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the D. Some Common Mistakes
text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and  The word “data” is plural, not singular.
limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a
paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in  The subscript for the permeability of vacuum 0, and
the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that other common scientific constants, is zero with
for you. subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”.
 In American English, commas, semicolons, periods,
question and exclamation marks are located within
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text quotation marks only when a complete thought or
box.
 name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When b) Change number of columns: Select the Columns
quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select the
typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation correct number of columns from the selection palette.
should appear outside of the quotation marks. A
parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a c) Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for
sentence is punctuated outside of the closing the extra authors.
parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is
punctuated within the parentheses.) B. Identify the Headings
 A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”. Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide
The word alternatively is preferred to the word the reader through your paper. There are two types:
“alternately” (unless you really mean something that component heads and text heads.
alternates).
Component heads identify the different components of
 Do not use the word “essentially” to mean your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other.
“approximately” or “effectively”. Examples include Acknowledgments and References and,
for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure
 In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can
caption” for your Figure captions, and “table head” for your
accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you
“u”; if not, keep using lower-cased. to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style
 Be aware of the different meanings of the provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head
homophones “affect” and “effect”, “complement” and from the text.
“compliment”, “discreet” and “discrete”, “principal” Text heads organize the topics on a relational,
and “principle”. hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary
 Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”. text head because all subsequent material relates and
elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-
 The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals)
the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen. should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two
 There is no period after the “et” in the Latin sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles
abbreviation “et al.”. named “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and
“Heading 4” are prescribed.
 The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the
abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”. C. Figures and Tables
An excellent style manual for science writers is [7]. a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and
tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them
IV. USING THE TEMPLATE in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span
After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready across both columns. Figure captions should be below the
for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
Save As command, and use the naming convention figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the
prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.
this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and
import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES
your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Table Table Column Head
Word Formatting toolbar. Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead
copy More table copy a
A. Authors and Affiliations
The template is designed for, but not limited to, six a. Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)
authors. A minimum of one author is required for all Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)
conference articles. Author names should be listed starting
from left to right and then moving down to the next line. This Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure
is the author sequence that will be used in future citations labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when
and by indexing services. Names should not be listed in writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As
columns nor group by affiliation. Please keep your an example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or
affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the
differentiate among departments of the same organization). label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes
only with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)”
1) For papers with more than six authors: Add author or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label
names horizontally, moving to a third row if needed for axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write
more than 8 authors. “Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.
2) For papers with less than six authors: To change the
default, adjust the template as follows. ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
a) Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines. The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted
expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R.
B. G. thanks...”. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the [1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
unnumbered footnote on the first page. Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
(references)
REFERENCES [2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,
vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
The template will number citations consecutively within
[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.
[2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a [4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
sentence: “Reference [3] was the first ...” [5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
Stand. Abbrev., in press.
Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the
actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was [6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron
spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate
cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list. interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August
Use letters for table footnotes. 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ University Science, 1989.
names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been
published, even if they have been submitted for publication,
IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for
should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been composing and formatting conference papers. Please
accepted for publication should be cited as “in press” [5]. ensure that all template text is removed from your
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for conference paper prior to submission to the
proper nouns and element symbols. conference. Failure to remove template text from
your paper may result in your paper not being published.
For papers published in translation journals, please give
the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-
language citation [6].
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