CE101

Engineering Drawing

Lec 15: Section of Solids-1

 Sectional Views
• If there are many hidden lines, it is difficult to visualize
the shape of the object

– unnecessarily complicated and confusing.

• Therefore, the general practice is to draw sectional views

for complex objects in addition to or instead of simple
orthographic views.

• A sectional view, as the name suggests, is obtained by

taking the section of the object along a particular plane.
An imaginary cutting plane is used to obtain the section
of the object.
 Theory of Sectioning
• Whenever a section plane cuts a solid, it intersects
(and or coincides with) the edges of the solids.
• The point at which the section plane intersects an
edge of the solid is called the point of intersection
(POI).
• POIs are located in one view and then projected in
the desired view to draw the section.
• In case of the solids having a curved surface, viz.,
cylinder, cone and sphere, POIs are located
between the cutting plane and the lateral lines.
 Types of Cutting Planes and Their
Representation
• A cutting plane is represented by a cutting plane line
• The cutting plane line indicates the line view of the cutting
plane.
• The two ends of the cutting plane line are made slightly thicker
and
• provided with arrows.
• The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of viewing of
the object.
OBSERVER

ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that object. The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
wo cutting actions means section planes are recommended.

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
TO FV
.
EC IN
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED S

NOTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
emember:-
After launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV NE
.
OBSERVER
is assumed to be removed.
As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS Fo
rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
a pe

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
 True Shape of Sections
• A section will show its true shape when viewed in
normal direction.

• To find the true shape of a section, it must be projected

on a plane parallel to the section plane.

• True shape of section

– Horizontal section plane -> TV

– Vertical section plane -> FV

– Profile section plane -> SV

– AIP -> Auxiliary TV

– AVP -> Auxiliary FV

Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections.
Triangle Section Plane
Section Plane Ellipse
Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Par
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
 Theory of Sectioning – Contd.
• Flat section will never cut all the edges of
polyhedron, but cuts only few of them
– A section plane will cut a minimum of three
edges of the polyhedral – Creating 3 POIs
– Maximum number of POIs
Type of Solid Maximum POIs
Prism and Cube (Number of sides of base) + 2
Pyramid (and Tetrahedron) (Number of sides of base) + 1
 Theory of Sectioning – Contd.
• True shape
– Polyhedra – Polygon and sides equal to POIs

Solid Position of the Cutting Plane True Shape of Section

Cylinder Perpendicular to axis Circle

Inclined to the axis cutting all generators Ellipse
Parallel to the axis Rectangle
Cone Perpendicular to axis Circle
Inclined to the axis cutting all generators Ellipse
Parallel to a generator Parabola
Inclined to and on one side of the axis Hyperbola
Parallel to the axis Rectangular Hyperbola
Passing through the axis or the apex Triangle

Sphere Circle

Pyramids Straight line segmented

and Prisms curves
 Hatching of the Sections
• The surface created by cutting the object by a section plane is called as
section. The section is indicated by drawing the hatching lines (section
lines) within the sectioned area. The hatching lines are drawn at 45° to the
principal outlines or the lines of symmetry of the section. The spacing
between hatching lines should be uniform and in proportion to the size of
the section.

2H

HB
 Section Lining Techniques

• Section lines should be uniform thin, never varying in thickness

• If sections lines drawn at 45° with horizontal are parallel or perpendicular to a
prominent visible outline, the angle should be changed to 30° /60°
 Types of section Planes:

1. Perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.

2. Perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P.
3. Perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P.
4. Perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to V.P.
5. Perpendicular to both H.P. and V.P.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO H.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO V.P
A cube of 40 mm side is cut by a horizontal section plane, parallel to
H.P at a distance of 15 mm from the top end. Draw the sectional top
view and front view
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO H.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO V.P
A triangular prism, base side 50 mm and axis 50 mm is lying on one of
its rectangular faces on the H.P. with its axis perpendicular to the V.P. It
is cut by a section plane parallel to and 20mm above H.P. Draw its front
view and sectional top view.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO H.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO V.P
A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on
its base in the H.P. with an edge of the base parallel to the V.P. A
horizontal section plane cuts the pyramid bisecting the axis. Draw its
front view and sectional top view.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO V.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO H.P
A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis 60 mm rests on its base on
the H.P.such that one of its rectangular faces is inclined at 30° to the
V.P. It is cut by a section plane parallel to V.P., bisecting a face of the
prism which is inclined at 30° to the V.P. Draw its sectional front view
and top view.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO V.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO H.P
A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis 60 mm rests on its base on
the H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is inclined at 30° to the
V.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to H.P. and inclined at 60°
to V.P. passing through the prism such that a face which is inclined at
60° to the V.P. is bisected. Draw its sectional front view, top view and
true shape of section.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO V.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO H.P
A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis 60 mm is resting on
its base on the H.P. with a side of base parallel to V.P. and nearer to it.
It is cut by a section plane parallel to the V.P. and 12 mm in front of the
axis of the pyramid. Draw its sectional front view and top view.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO V.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO H.P
A rectangular prism, side of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 60
mm, rest with its base on H.P. such that one of its larger rectangular
faces is parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. and
parallel to V.P. cuts the prism into two equal halves. Draw its top
view and sectional front view

60

x y

25

40
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO V.P AND PERPENDICULAR TO H.P
A hexagonal prism, side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm, rest with its base on H.P. such that one of its
rectangular faces is parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P. cuts the
prism a distance of 10 mm from its axis. Draw its top view and sectional front view.

60

y
x

10

30