Philippine Politics and Governance: Presented By: Alex A. Dumandan

PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE
Presented by: Alex A. Dumandan
Objectives:
 1.Toarticulate definitions of politicsthe
understand HUMSS_PG12-
basicIa-1concept of
2.Political
differentiate theScience;
various viewsandon politics HUMSS_PG12-Ia2
 3.Toexplore the connection
develop a between
critical the phenomenon
way of(polthinking
itics) and the in
interpreting
method of inquiry (PolPolitics
itical Science)and Government
HUMSS_PG12- Ia-3
4. recognize the value of politics HUMSS_PG12- Ia-4
5. differentiate governance from government HUMSS_PG12- Ia-5
LESSON 1
The Concept of Politics

and Governance
What is Politics?
“Man is by nature a
political animal”
-Aristotle, Politics
“who gets what, when,
and how.”
Harold Lasswell
Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the
process of making decisions that apply to members of a group, it refers
to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized
control over a human community, particularly a state. It is the study or
practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given
community (this is usually a hierarchically organized population) as
well as the interrelationship(s) between communities.
How politics can be studied?
 There are various ways by which one can study politics or
political science. It is the branch of knowledge that deals with
systems of government; the analysis of political activity and
behavior. It is a major social science dealing with political and
governmental structures and processes. It is also the study of
what is believed to be universal in politics, such as power,
justice, and force.(Harris, 1997)
. . . ask not what your
country can do for you,
ask what you can do for
your country.
- John F. Kennedy
LESSON 2
The Value of Politics and
Differentiation
of Governance from
Government
The value of Politics…..
help you to know your rights.
It clarifies what you yourself believe.
Politics is a living, breathing subject.
Politics helps you to understand our nation’s parties.
Politics prepares you for adult life.
Government is the instrument of the state through
which the will of the people is expressed, carried
out, and formulated.
Governance is broadly defined as the action of
sovereign authority; specifically, the exercise
of authoritative direction or control, over a
particular political unit or organization.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
PARTICIPATION
RULE OF LAW
BILL OF RIGHTS
RESPONSIVENESS
CONSENSUS ORIENTED
EQUALITY AND INCLUSIVENESS
EFFECTIVENESS AND INCLUSIVENESS
ACCOUNTABILITY
Law as defined by St. Thomas Aquinas is “an
ordinance of reason for the common good,
made by him who has care of the
community…”

People exercise their political authority through the government, which functions as
an instrumentality of the state through law.

Politics and governance are shaped by institutions of a country. According to
Johnson (n.d.), institutions are significant practices needed to “sustain and restrain
orderly competition” in the field of politics.

Recognizing the essential link between politics and governance will provide both
government officials and citizens a clear idea of the type of political activity essential
for good governance.
REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E. Philippine Politics and Governance Vibal
Group, Inc.2016

WEBSITES:
https://www.clopified.com/download/philippine-politics-and-go
vernance-curriculum-guidecg-humss/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/25140478/Module-1-Politics-a
nd-Governancedocx/
https://www.academia.edu/40066509/DLP_Philippine_Politics_
and_Government
https://www.centredaily.com/opinion/article69564172.html
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=N44828&sp
=yes&
LESSON 3
Political Ideologies
Objectives:
critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a political
community;
identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.);
differentiate political ideologies;
examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political

communities; and
analyze how political ideologies create an impact on the social and political life of
Filipinos.
The Nature of Political Ideology
An ideology is more or less a coherent set of ideas that
direct or organize a specific political action (Heywood
2013). It consists of belief and value systems, a discussion
of existing power relationships, an exploration of how
political change is achieved in line with these power
relations, and an illustration of a desired future.
• A political belief system
• An action-orientated set of political ideas
• The ideas of the ruling class
• The world-view of a particular social class or social group
• Political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests
• Ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or oppressed
• Ideas that situate the individual within a social context and generate a sense of
collective
Andrew Heywood belonging
• An officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimize a political system or regime
• An all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth
• An abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas
Major Political Ideologies
Major Political Ideologies
Liberalism
Anarchism
Conservatism
Socialism Feminism
Marxism
Social Democracy
Fascism
Liberalism
Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human individual
compared to any other group.
Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom when

he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.
Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms. Equal
rights and entitlements are at its core.
Tolerance is the willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in

ways they do not approve.
Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement or consent.

Authoritarianism
limited, not responsible, political pluralism"; that is, constraints on political
institutions and groups (such as legislatures, political parties and interest groups)
a basis for legitimacy based on emotion, especially the identification of the regime
as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems" such as underdevelopment or
insurgency
neither "intensive nor extensive political mobilization" and constraints on the mass public (such
as repressive tactics against opponents and a prohibition of antiregime activity).
formally ill-defined" executive power, often shifting or vague.

Conservatism
Tradition must be conserved.
The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a belief,

pragmatism emphasizes that action should be shaped by practical circumstances
and goals
Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on the

individual
Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,

more than being an artifact of human ingenuity.
Conservatives also believe that social position and status are

only natural. With this, hierarchy is thought to be inevitable.
Socialism
Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the
individual is connected with others.
Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity.

Socialists thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and
collectivity rather than individualism.
Socialists put primacy on social equality over other values.

This is believed to be the basis for social stability and cohesion.
Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income or

wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social cleavage, which divides societies.
Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private property,

common ownership is a means to harness material resources for the common good.
Marxism
Historical materialism or the materialist conception of history provides that the
economy (mode of production) conditions all other aspects of social life—
including the law, government, politics, education, etc.
The dialectic, a process of interaction between competing forces, drives change

and leads to a higher stage of development.
Historical change is therefore a consequence of contradictionsin the mode of production, as reflected
class conflict.
The exploitation of the proletariat (workers) by the capitalists (owners of the means
of production) would develop class consciousness among the former, hence
ushering a proletarian revolution which will facilitate the creation of a communist
society.
Social Democracy
Social democrats stand for a balance between the market and
the state, and between the individual and the community.
This ideology promotes compromise between the acceptance

of capitalism and the distribution of wealth according to moral,
rather than market principles.
Social democratic thought is concerned with the weak, the

vulnerable, and the underdog.
Compassion, common humanity, freedom, equal opportunities,

paternal duty, and care are among the values social democracy
recognizes.
Fascism
Fascism was manifested during Mussolini’s fascist dictatorship
in Italy and Hitler’s Nazi dictatorship in Germany.
Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism,

and war.
The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and

self-sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme
leader is a fascist ideal.
Fascism has an anti-character: antiliberalism, anti-individualism,

anticapitalism, etc.
Fascists believe in a unified national community or strength

through unity. As such, individual identity is not as important
as that of the social group or community.
Anarchism
The state, or any political authority, is seen as both evil and
unnecessary.
Anarchists prefer a stateless society. Individuals can best

manage their own affairs through voluntary agreement and
cooperation.
Anarchism is thus at the intersection of liberalism and

socialism.
Feminism
Feminism is diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to
enhance the social role of women.
Society is characterized by sexual or gender inequality.
The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the

belief in gender equality.
Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism,

and radical feminism. There are also “new feminisms” that
emerged.
REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E.Philippine Politics and Governance.Vibal Group, Inc.2016

WEBSITES
https://www.history.com/news/socialism-communism-differences
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/59ca69abf484e310000ac5ec/political-ideologies
https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism/The-suffrage-movement
https://www.google.com/search?q=the+importance+of+political+ideology&source=lmns&bih=657
&biw=1366&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjC_JOY6s3qAhXCzIsBHUs5DasQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://study.com/academy/lesson/conservatism-history-ideology-and-influence.html
https://www.slideshare.net/emclem/marxism-capitalism
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/04/defining-fascism-isnt-as-important-as-subjecting-all-poli
tical-movements-to-moral-scrutiny.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/books/review/american-conservatism-andrew-j-bacevich.html
https://america.cgtn.com/2018/11/05/how-did-socialism-become-a-dirty-word-in-the-us
https://aldepartyim.wordpress.com/tag/liberalism/
https://www.academia.edu/40066509/DLP_Philippine_Politics_and_Government
https://www.dap.edu.ph/coe-psp/articles/re-thinking-elections-through-the-lens-of-productivity/

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PHILIPPINE POLITICS

The Concept of Politics

EQUALITY AND INCLUSIVENESS

EFFECTIVENESS AND INCLUSIVENESS

differentiate political ideologies;

examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political

Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom when

Tolerance is the willingness of individuals to allow others to think and behave in

Authority and social relationships must also be based on agreement or consent.

formally ill-defined" executive power, often shifting or vague.

The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a belief,

Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on the

Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living entity,

Conservatives also believe that social position and status are

Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity.

Socialists put primacy on social equality over other values.

Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of income or

Common ownership is also central to socialist thought. Unlike private property,

The dialectic, a process of interaction between competing forces, drives change

This ideology promotes compromise between the acceptance

Social democratic thought is concerned with the weak, the

Compassion, common humanity, freedom, equal opportunities,

Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism,

The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and

Fascism has an anti-character: antiliberalism, anti-individualism,

Fascists believe in a unified national community or strength

Anarchists prefer a stateless society. Individuals can best

Anarchism is thus at the intersection of liberalism and

Society is characterized by sexual or gender inequality.

The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the

Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism,

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