3.1 Ιστορία Ευρώπης τον Μεσαίωνα
3.1 Ιστορία Ευρώπης τον Μεσαίωνα
3.1 Ιστορία Ευρώπης τον Μεσαίωνα
Παπασταυρίδης Σταύρος
Σχολή Θετικών Επιστημών
Τμήμα Μαθηματικών
Περιγραφή Ενότητας
Σκιαγραφία της Ευρώπης 1000-1500 μ.Χ.
Συνδυαστική στον Μεσαίωνα. Άλγεβρα στον
Μεσαίωνα.
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Περιεχόμενα Υποενότητας
• Eν περιλήψει η ιστορία της Μεσαιωνικής
Ευρώπης:
– Μεσαίωνας
– Πρώιμος Μεσαίωνας, Μέσος Μεσαίωνας
– 11ος αιώνας μ.Χ.
– Ύστερος Μεσαίωνας
– Αναγέννηση, Ανθρωπισμός
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Μαθηματικά στην Μεσαιωνική
Ευρώπη
Ιστορία της Ευρώπης στον Μεσαίωνα
Μεσαίωνας, Middle Ages, Medieval Period,
Dark Ages (1/2)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages
• In European history, the Middle Ages, or Medieval period, lasted from
the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the
Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three
traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and
Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early,
the High, and the Late Middle Ages.
• Πτώσις της Ρώμης.
• In 410 Alaric took Rome by starvation, sacked it for three days (there was
relatively little destruction, and in some Christian holy places Alaric's
men even refrained from wanton wrecking and rape), and invited its
remaining barbarian slaves to join him, which many did.
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Μεσαίωνας, Middle Ages, Medieval Period,
Dark Ages (2/2)
• Augustine in his book "City of God" ultimately rejected the pagan and
Christian idea that religion should have worldly benefits; he
developed the doctrine that the City of God in heaven, undamaged
by mundane disasters, was the true objective of Christians.
• By 476 CE, when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the
Western Roman Empire wielded negligible military, political, or
financial power and had no effective control over the scattered
Western domains that could still be described as Roman.
• Early Middle Ages, Dark Ages, Πρώιμος Μεσαίωνας, 5ος αιώνας -
Έως 1000 μ.Χ.
• High Middle Ages, Μέσος Μεσαίωνας. 1000-1300 μ.Χ.
• Late Middle Ages, Ύστερος Μεσαίωνας. Από 1300-1500 μ.Χ.
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Early Middle Ages, Dark Ages, Πρώιμος
Μεσαίωνας, (1/2)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Depopulation, deurbanisation
, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity,
continued in the Early Middle Ages.
• The barbarian invaders, including various Germanic peoples, formed new
kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th
century, North Africa and the Middle East, once part of the Eastern
Roman Empire came under the rule of the Caliphate, an Islamic empire,
after conquest by Muhammad's successors.
• Although there were substantial changes in society and political
structures, the break with Antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable
Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power. The
empire's law code, the Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern
Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages
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Early Middle Ages, Dark Ages, Πρώιμος
Μεσαίωνας (2/2)
• In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant
Roman institutions. Monasteries were founded as campaigns
to Christianise pagan Europe continued.
• The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established
an empire covering much of Western Europe; the
Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century,
but it later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars
combined with external invasions—Vikings from the north,
Magyars from the east, and Saracens from the south.
• Το Όνομα της Εποχής, Dark Ages
• Έμφαση στην Μέλλουσα Ζωή
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1000 μ.Χ. Η Ευρώπη Εξορμά (1/2)
• Battle of Lechfeld (second Battle of Augsburg), (955 μ.χ.)
• ... αναστολή επιδημιών έως c. 1350
• Wiki. The Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Medieval Climate Optimum,
or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the
North Atlantic region that may also have been related to other climate
events around the world during that time, including China[1] and other
areas, [2][3] lasting from about AD 950 to 1250.[4] It was followed by a cooler
period in the North Atlantic termed the Little Ice Age. Some refer to the
event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects
other than temperature were important.[5][6]
• Heavy ploughs-Horses vs Roman ploughs-Oxen
• Σαγή (Saddle), Αναβατήρες (Stirrup)
• Εναλλαγή αγροτεμαχίων 1/3 (αντί ½)
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1000 μ.Χ. Η Ευρώπη Εξορμά (2/2)
• Νέος τρόπος μάχης
• The Battle of Lechfeld[2] (10 August 955) was a decisive victory for
Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka
Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél (Lehel) and Súr.
• The battle has been viewed as a symbolic victory for the knightly
cavalry, who would define European warfare in the High Middle Ages,
over the nomadic, light cavalry that characterized warfare during the
Early Middle Ages in Centraland Eastern Europe.[17]
• Φεουδαρχική Τάξις
• Δουλοπάροικοι (Surfs)
• Knights of the Round Table vs. Tony Soprano - Vito Corleone
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High Middle Ages, Μέσος Μεσαίωνας (1/2)
• During the High Middle Ages, which began after AD 1000,
the population of Europe increased greatly as technological
and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and
the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop
yields to increase.
• Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that
owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism
, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status
nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for
the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the
ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages.
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High Middle Ages, Μέσος Μεσαίωνας (2/2)
• The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by
Western European Christians to regain control of the Middle
Eastern Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of
centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but
making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant.
• Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that
emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of
universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of
Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of
Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as
Chartres are among the outstanding achievements of this
period.
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11ος μ.Χ. Αιώνας (1/3)
• Ο Καθεδρικός Ναός
• A medieval university is a corporation organized during the
High Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning..
• University of Bologna (1088),
• "The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guild (or
guilds)—that is, the corporation of students and masters—within
the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum,
or universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium. In
the course of time, however, probably toward the latter part of the 14th
century, the term began to be used by itself, with the exclusive meaning
of a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars whose corporate
existence had been recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical
authority."[2]
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11ος μ.Χ. Αιώνας (2/3)
• Πρώτη σταυροφορία, κατάληψη της Ιερουσαλήμ 1099μ.χ.
• The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that
attempted to capture the Holy Lands called by Pope Urban II in 1095, with the
primary goal (? αφορμή), of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor
Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and
help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia.(?) An additional goal soon
became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the
sacred city of Jerusalem and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Muslim
rule.
• The First Crusade was part of the Papal response to the Muslim conquests, and
was followed by the Second to the Ninth Crusades.
• It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West
since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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11ος μ.Χ. Αιώνας (3/3)
• Because the First Crusade was largely
concerned with Jerusalem, a city which had
not been under Christian dominion for 461
years, and the crusader army had refused to
return the land to the control of the
Byzantine Empire, the status of the First
Crusade as defensive or as aggressive in
nature remains controversial.
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Late Middle Ages, Ύστερος Μεσαίωνας
• The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and
calamities including famine, plague, and war, which
much diminished the population of Western Europe;
between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about
a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism
within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict,
civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the
kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments
transformed European society, concluding the Late
Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.
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Αναγέννηση, Renaissance
• The Renaissance (UK /rɨˈneɪsəns/, US /ˈrɛnɨsɑːns
/)[1] is a period from the 14th to the 17th
century, considered the bridge between the
Middle Ages and modern history.
• There is a consensus that the Renaissance began
in Florence, in the 14th century.[4] Other major
centres were northern Italian city-states such
as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan and finally
Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.
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Ανθρωπισμός, Humanism
• Πολιτική κατάσταση στην Φλωρεντία
• Έμφαση στην παρούσα ζωή
• Αναφορά σε Ρώμη - Ελλάδα
• Scientific Revolution, 16ος – 17ος αιώνας
• 16ος αιώνας, εξισώσεις 3-4 βαθμού, συμβολική Άλγεβρα
• Ηλιοκεντρικό σύστημα
• 17ος αιώνας, Αναλυτική Γεωμετρία, Απειροστικός Λογισμός
• Κίνηση πλανητών, νόμος παγκοσμίου έλξεως
• «Ουμανιστικές σπουδές»
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Τέλος Υποενότητας
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Σημειώματα
Σημείωμα Ιστορικού Εκδόσεων Έργου
Το παρόν έργο αποτελεί την έκδοση 1.0.
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Σημείωμα Αναφοράς
Copyright Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών,
Παπασταυρίδης Σταύρος. «Ιστορία Νεότερων Μαθηματικών, Μαθηματικά
στη Μεσαιωνική Ευρώπη». Έκδοση: 1.0. Αθήνα 2015. Διαθέσιμο από τη
δικτυακή διεύθυνση: http://opencourses.uoa.gr/courses/MATH113/.
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Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης
Το παρόν υλικό διατίθεται με τους όρους της άδειας χρήσης Creative Commons
Αναφορά, Μη Εμπορική Χρήση Παρόμοια Διανομή 4.0 [1] ή μεταγενέστερη,
Διεθνής Έκδοση. Εξαιρούνται τα αυτοτελή έργα τρίτων π.χ. φωτογραφίες,
διαγράμματα κ.λ.π., τα οποία εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό και τα οποία αναφέρονται
μαζί με τους όρους χρήσης τους στο «Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων».
[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να παρέχει στον αδειοδόχο ξεχωριστή άδεια να χρησιμοποιεί το έργο για
εμπορική χρήση, εφόσον αυτό του ζητηθεί.
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Διατήρηση Σημειωμάτων
Οποιαδήποτε αναπαραγωγή ή διασκευή του υλικού θα πρέπει
να συμπεριλαμβάνει:
το Σημείωμα Αναφοράς
το Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης
τη δήλωση Διατήρησης Σημειωμάτων
το Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων (εφόσον υπάρχει)
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Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων
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