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    Physics Unit 7 Part 2 Notes

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    Taylor Waddell-Smith
    This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding mirrors and lenses: - Plane mirrors form virtual images that are upright and the same size as the object. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the object's position. Convex mirrors always form virtual, upright, and reduced images. - Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images. Convex lenses form real, inverted images when the object is outside the focal point. Between the focal point and lens is a virtual image. Concave lenses always form virtual, upright images. - Chromatic aberration from single lenses is reduced by using combinations of convex and concave lenses with different refractive indices, called achromatic lenses.

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    Physics Unit 7 Part 2 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Taylor Waddell-Smith
    102 views38 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding mirrors and lenses: - Plane mirrors form virtual images that are upright and the same size as the object. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the object's position. Convex mirrors always form virtual, upright, and reduced images. - Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images. Convex lenses form real, inverted images when the object is outside the focal point. Between the focal point and lens is a virtual image. Concave lenses always form virtual, upright images. - Chromatic aberration from single lenses is reduced by using combinations of convex and concave lenses with different refractive indices, called achromatic lenses.

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding mirrors and lenses: - Plane mirrors form virtual images that are upright and the same size as the object. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the object's position. Convex mirrors always form virtual, upright, and reduced images. - Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images. Convex lenses form real, inverted images when the object is outside the focal point. Between the focal point and lens is a virtual image. Concave lenses always form virtual, upright images. - Chromatic aberration from single lenses is reduced by using combinations of convex and concave lenses with different refractive indices, called achromatic lenses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    102 views38 pages

    Physics Unit 7 Part 2 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Taylor Waddell-Smith
    This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding mirrors and lenses: - Plane mirrors form virtual images that are upright and the same size as the object. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, depending on the object's position. Convex mirrors always form virtual, upright, and reduced images. - Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images. Convex lenses form real, inverted images when the object is outside the focal point. Between the focal point and lens is a virtual image. Concave lenses always form virtual, upright images. - Chromatic aberration from single lenses is reduced by using combinations of convex and concave lenses with different refractive indices, called achromatic lenses.

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    of 38

    Unit 7: Light Part 2: Applications of Light -

    Mirrors and Lenses Notes


    I. Mirrors
    A. Objects and Images in Plane Mirrors
    1. Plane mirror - a flat, smooth
    surface that reflects light in a regular way.
    2. When light rays are reflected
    from a plane mirror, they are spread out.
    3. The light rays can be extended
    behind the mirror.
    4. The image is located where the
    extended light rays apparently intersect.
    5. The image is virtual because there
    is no light at that point.
    6. The distance from the object to
    the mirror (do) is equal to the distance from
    the image to the mirror (di).
    7. The size of the image is equal to
    the size of the object.
    8. The position of the image is up-
    right or erect, and the left and right appear
    reversed. (It is more correct to say that the
    front and back are reversed.)
    B. Concave Mirrors
    1. A concave mirror reflects light
    from its inner surface.
    a. In a spherical concave
    mirror, the center of the sphere is called the
    center of curvature (C).
    b. The line from this point to
    the center of the surface of the mirror is the
    principal axis of the mirror.
    (see next slide for illustration)
    2. Parallel rays converge at the focal
    point, which is located at half the distance
    between the mirror and the center of curvature.
    3. The focal length of a concave
    mirror is the distance from the focal point to
    the surface of the mirror, along the principal
    axis.
    4. The focal length is also half the
    radius of curvature of the mirror.

    C. Spherical Aberration & Parabolic


    Mirrors
    1. Parallel light rays converge at the
    focal point if they are close to the principal axis.
    (Rays far from the principal axis converge
    slightly closer to mirror.)
    2. This causes a blurring effect,
    known as spherical aberration.
    3. To avoid this effect, curved
    mirrors that are parabolic are used because
    they have no spherical aberration.
    D. Real vs. Virtual Images
    1. An image is real if light rays
    converge and then pass through the image. It
    can be projected on a screen.
    2. An image is virtual if light rays do
    not converge, but appear to diverge at a point
    behind the mirror. It can’t be projected.
    E. Real Images formed by Concave Mirrors
    1. For objects beyond the center of
    curvature (C), the image is located between
    the C and the focal point (F).
    a. The size of the image is
    smaller than the size of the object.
    b. The image is inverted.

    2. As an object moves inward toward


    the C, the image moves out away from C.
    a. The real image is at the C
    when the object is also at the C.
    b. The image size is equal to
    the object size and the image is inverted.
    3. Objects between the C and the
    focal point produce a real, inverted, and
    enlarged image.
    4. The mirror equation can be used
    to predict the location of an image:
    1 = 1 + 1 (f = focal length, di = image distance,
    f di do & do = object distance)
    5. Magnification - the ratio of the
    size of the image to the size of the object.
    a. Magnification equation -
    m = hi = -di m = magnification
    ho do
    b. If di and do are both positive,
    then both m and hi are negative, which means
    the image is inverted.
    6. Example calculation
    F. Virtual Images formed by concave
    mirrors
    1. If the object is at the focal point,
    the reflected rays are parallel, and the image
    is infinity (no image forms).
    2. If the object is between the focal
    point and the mirror, the image is virtual and
    behind the mirror. The size of the image is
    greater than the size of the object and the
    image is erect.
    (Examples: shaving and makeup mirrors)
    3. Example problem
    G. Virtual Images Formed by Convex
    Mirrors
    1. Convex mirror - a spherical
    mirror that reflects light from its outer
    surface.
    2. Reflected rays diverge and form
    virtual images.
    3. The focal point (F) is behind the
    mirror.
    4. Convex Mirrors always produce
    images that are virtual, erect, and reduced in
    size.
    5. Example problem
    II. Lenses
    A. Types of Lenses
    1. A lens is made of transparent
    material with a refractive index larger than
    that of air.
    a. At least one surface is part of
    a sphere.
    b. The other surface may be
    curved or flat.
    2. Convex lens - thicker at the center
    than at the edges. (Also called a converging
    lens because it refracts parallel rays so that
    they meet.)
    3. Concave lens - thinner at the
    center than at the edges. (Also called a
    diverging lens because it refracts light rays so
    that they spread out.)

    see next slide for illustration


    B. Real Images Formed by Convex Lens
    1. Parallel rays converge at the focal
    point of the lens.
    2. The focal length of the lens
    depends on its shape and the refractive index
    of the material.
    3. Lens drawings show all refraction
    occurring at the principal plane, which passes
    through the middle of the lens.
    4. If the object is far from the lens, a real,
    inverted, and smaller image is formed.

    5. If the object is placed at twice the


    focal length from the lens, the image is at
    twice the focal length, and the image is real,
    inverted, and equal to the size of the object.
    6. If the object is close to, but
    outside, the focal point of the lens, a real,
    inverted, and enlarged image is formed.
    7. Lens equation
    1 = 1 + 1 di = image distance, + for real images
    f di do do = object distance, + for real objects
    8. Magnification equation
    m= hi = -di m = magnification
    ho do
    9. Example problem
    C. Virtual Images Formed by Convex
    Lenses
    1. If the object is placed between the
    focal point and the lens, the light rays do not
    converge on the other side of the lens.
    2. A virtual, enlarged, and erect
    image appears on the same side of the lens as
    the object.
    3. Example: magnifying glass
    (see next slide for illustration)
    4. Example problem (see
    next slide)
    D. Virtual Images Formed by Concave
    Lenses
    1. A concave lens always causes
    light to diverge and produces a virtual image.
    2. The image is smaller and erect.
    E. Chromatic Aberration
    1. The edges of a lens act like a
    prism, bending different wavelengths of light
    at different angles.
    2. The light that passes through the
    edge of the lens is slightly dispersed, causing
    a ring of color to be seen through the lens.
    3. This effect, called chromatic
    aberration, occurs when a single lens is used.
    4. Chromatic aberration is reduced
    by combining a convex lens with a concave
    lens that has a different index of refraction,
    forming an achromatic lens.
    I can see the end.

    “This is the end my friend, my only friend


    the end.” Jim Morrison - The Doors
    What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been
    The Grateful Dead

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