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    Unit - 3: Primary and Secondary Standards Stoichiometric Calculation Methods of Expressing Concentration

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    Dr Priti Jain
    Primary standards are extremely pure chemicals used to standardize analytical methods. They are stable, non-hygroscopic, and have a high equivalent weight to minimize errors. Common primary standards include NaCl and oxalic acid. Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. Stoichiometry predicts reaction quantities like products from reactants or reactant amounts for given products. The mole is the unit used to count chemical entities and 1 mole contains 6.022x1023 entities. Molarity, molality, and normality are common units used to express concentration in terms of moles of solute per liter or kilograms of solvent. Percentage, parts per million/billion, strength, and

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    Unit - 3: Primary and Secondary Standards Stoichiometric Calculation Methods of Expressing Concentration

    Uploaded by

    Dr Priti Jain
    33 views14 pages
    Primary standards are extremely pure chemicals used to standardize analytical methods. They are stable, non-hygroscopic, and have a high equivalent weight to minimize errors. Common primary standards include NaCl and oxalic acid. Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. Stoichiometry predicts reaction quantities like products from reactants or reactant amounts for given products. The mole is the unit used to count chemical entities and 1 mole contains 6.022x1023 entities. Molarity, molality, and normality are common units used to express concentration in terms of moles of solute per liter or kilograms of solvent. Percentage, parts per million/billion, strength, and

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    Primary standards are extremely pure chemicals used to standardize analytical methods. They are stable, non-hygroscopic, and have a high equivalent weight to minimize errors. Common primary standards include NaCl and oxalic acid. Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. Stoichiometry predicts reaction quantities like products from reactants or reactant amounts for given products. The mole is the unit used to count chemical entities and 1 mole contains 6.022x1023 entities. Molarity, molality, and normality are common units used to express concentration in terms of moles of solute per liter or kilograms of solvent. Percentage, parts per million/billion, strength, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    33 views14 pages

    Unit - 3: Primary and Secondary Standards Stoichiometric Calculation Methods of Expressing Concentration

    Uploaded by

    Dr Priti Jain
    Primary standards are extremely pure chemicals used to standardize analytical methods. They are stable, non-hygroscopic, and have a high equivalent weight to minimize errors. Common primary standards include NaCl and oxalic acid. Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. Stoichiometry predicts reaction quantities like products from reactants or reactant amounts for given products. The mole is the unit used to count chemical entities and 1 mole contains 6.022x1023 entities. Molarity, molality, and normality are common units used to express concentration in terms of moles of solute per liter or kilograms of solvent. Percentage, parts per million/billion, strength, and

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    Unit -3

     Primary and Secondary Standards


     Stoichiometric Calculation
     Methods of Expressing Concentration
    Primary standard

     Primary standard is a reagent which is very pure,


    representative of the number of moles the substance contains
    and easily weighed Or

     A Primary standard is a reagent  that is extremely pure,


    stable, it’s not a hydrate /has no water of hydration, and has a
    high molecular weight.

     Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine


    an unknown concentration and in other analytical
    chemistry techniques.
     high level of purity, low reactivity (high stability), high
    equivalent weight (to reduce error from mass measurements)
     not hygroscopic (to reduce changes in mass in humid versus
    dry environments), non-toxic, inexpensive and readily
    available
    E.g NaCl used as primary standard for AgNO3 reactions
    KHP to standardize perchloric acid
    Oxalic acid to standardize NaOH
    Secondary Standard
    Secondary standard is a chemical that has been standardized
    against a primary standard for use in a specific analysis.
    Secondary standards are commonly used to calibrate analytical
    methods.
    Stoichiometry
    • Predicts how much product is obtained from given amount of
    reactant

    • Predicts how much reactant is needed to give required amount


    of product

    • Predicts how much of one reactant is required to give


    optimum result with given amount of another reactant
    Concept of Mole
     Unit to count the chemical entity by weighing them

     Mole is the SI unit of the amount of substance


     1 Mole contains 6.022 X 1023 entities (Avogadro’s number) or 1
    gram atom an element contains 6.022 X 1023 atoms
     The number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance,
    equal to 6.022 X 1023 .
    As per definition Avagadro’s number is equal to the number of
    carbon atoms present in exactly 12g of C12
    1 gram atom of an element = Atomic weight expressed in gram
    Atomic weight-The mass of a given atom, measured on a
    scale in which the hydrogen atom has the weight of one. 
    That means 1 g atom of sodium is 23g of sodium and this
    would contains 6.022 X 1023 sodium atoms
    No. of g atom= Wt. of the element in g/ Atomic weight of the
    element
    1 g molecular weight of any substance contains 6.022 X 1023
    molecules of that substance
    Gram molecular weight of a substance means its molecular
    weight expressed in grams
    • E.g 1 mole of water means 18 g of water and this would
    contains 6.022 X 1023 water molecules
    • N2+ 3H2 2NH3

    No. of moles = Wt of substance in g/ Mol wt


    E.g- NaOH (Mol wt 23+16+1= 40)

    Gram Formula Weight- Weight of a substance obtained by


    adding atomic weights of all atoms in the chemical
    formula
    Generally same as Molecular weight
    E.g- NaCl (23+35.5= 58.5)
    Molarity-(M) is defined as the number of moles of solute
    per liter of solution.
    Molarity = moles of solute/liters of solution

    Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute


    per kilogram of solvent.
    Molality = moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

    Normality (N)-  is defined as the number of mole


    equivalents per liter of solution:
    Normality = number of mole equivalents/1 L of solution

    Equivalent Weight- Parts by weight of that substance which


    chemically equivalent to 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen or 8
    parts by weight of oxygen
     Concept of equivalence weight
    • Parts by weight of that substance which is chemically
    equivalent to 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen or 8
    parts by weight of oxygen
    • How many g of that substance are directly or
    indirectly chemically equivalent to 1.008g of
    hydrogen or 8g of oxygen
    Like molarity, normality relates the amount of solute to the
    total volume of solution; however, normality is specifically
    used for acids and bases. The mole equivalents of an acid
    or base are calculated by determining the number of H+ or
    OH- ions per molecule:
    N = n × M (where n is an integer)

    E.g 1M H2SO4 = 2N H2SO4 and 1M Ca(OH)2 = 2N Ca(OH)2


    1M HCl= 1N HCl and 1M NaOH= 1N NaOH
    Note: The normality of a solution is NEVER less than its
    molarity!
    Methods of expressing Concentration
    Amount of solute dissolved in unit amount of solvent or of solution

     Qualitative  Semi Quantitative


    Dilute- Contains small Unsaturated- a solution
    proportion of solute in which more solute
    relative to solvent will dissolve

    Concentrated- Saturated- a solution in


    Contains large which no more solute
    proportion of solute will dissolve
    relative to solvent
    Quantitative expression

    1) Percentage- Amt of solute per 100 parts of the


    solution (parts per hundred-pph)
     Weight to Weight ( % w/w)
    Wt of a solute/ Wt of a solution* 100
     Weight to Volume (% w/v)
    Wt of a solute/ volume of a solution* 100
     Volume to Volume (% v/v)
    Volume of a solute/ volume of a solution* 100
     Volume to Weight ( %v/w)
    Volume of a solute/ weight of a solution* 100
    2) Parts per million (ppm) or Parts per billion (ppb)
    Used when solutes are present in trace quantities
    It is the number of parts of a solute per million or per
    billion
    ppm = mass of solute component/ total mass of solution* 108
    ppb = mass of solute component/ total mass of solution * 109

    (3) Strength: The strength of solution is defined as the


    amount of solute in grams present in one litre of the
    solution. It is expressed in g/litre.
    4) Normality-It is defined as the number of gram equivalents
    (equivalent weight in grams) of a solute present per litre of the
    solution.
    Unit - gram equivalents litre–1
    When a solution is diluted n times, its normality also decreases
    by n  times

    N- Normal solution N/2- seminormal


    5N- pentanormal 10N- Decanormal
    N/5- Pentinormal N/10- Decinormal
    N/100- Centinormal (0.01N)
    N/1000- millinormal (0.001N)

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