ILMU KESEHATAN GIGI

MASYARAKAT I. (IKGM I)
KGC200 (SM 1)
 KONSEP SEHAT SAKIT

 OLEH :
 Dr. drg. Titiek Berniyanti MKes.
What is health?

Nutritious foods help us

stay healthy.

Regular exercise helps

keep us strong and
healthy.

Doctors, hospitals &

medicines help us get
healthy if we’re sick.
 ?
Health-is

Concept of Health:
“A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL
WELL-BEING AND NOT MERELY THE ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR
INFIRMITY.”
(Sehat adalah keadaan sejahtera sempurna dari fisik,
mental dan sosial yang tidak terbatas hanya
pada bebas dari penyakit atau
kecacatan saja (WHO,1947))
 Concept of Health is evolved over
the centuries as a
Health:

!
concept from individual
concern to world wide
social goal and
encompasses the whole
quality of life.

Changing concept of health till now are:

Biomedical concept
Ecological concept
Psychosocial concept
Holistic concept
 
Changing Concepts of Health
1- Biomedical Concept: Health is the absence of disease- This
concept, has the basis in the germ theory of disease.
• Traditionally, health has been viewed  The criticism against the
as an “absence of disease”, and if one biomedical concept is that
was free from disease, then the it has minimized the role of :
person was considered healthy. Environmental, Social,
• This concept has the basis in the Psychological, Economic,
“germ theory of disease”. Cultural and other determinants.
• The medical profession viewed the
human body as a machine, disease as  Germ theory could not solve :
a consequence of the breakdown of Nutritional, Chronic diseases,
the machine and one of the doctor’s Accidents, Substance abuse,
task as repair of the machine. Psychological diseases, pollution,
and other health non communicable
health problems.
 Changing Concepts of Health
2.Ecological Concept: .
• Health is a dynamic Adaptation of man to his
equilibrium between man and environment leads to better
his environment Imbalance health and longer life
results in disease, and expectancy even in the absence
disease a maladjustment of of Modern health services.
the human organism to
environment. The ecological concept raises
• According to Dubos “Health two issues, viz. imperfect man
implies the relative absence and imperfect environment.
of pain and discomfort and a
continuous adaptation and
adjustment to the
environment to ensure
 Changing Concepts of Health
.
3-Psychosocial concept:
Health is not only a biomedical phenomenon,
but one which is influenced by Psychological,
Social, Cultural , Economic, Political factors of
the people concerned.
  Changing Concepts of Health

4-Holistic concept:
• This concept is the synthesis of • Emphasis on Promotion and
all the above concepts. Protection of Health
• It recognizes the strength of
social, economic, political and • Implies that all sectors of the
environmental influences on society have an effect on
health. health, in particular,
• It described health as a unified education, communication,
or multi dimensional process agriculture, industry, housing ,
involving the wellbeing of whole food, etc…
person in context of his
environment .
 Health:


In recent years the statement is amplified to include,

“THE ABILITY TO LEAD A SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY

PRODUCTIVE LIFE.”

Sehat adalah keadaan sejahtera sempurna dari fisik,

mental dan sosial yang memungkinan seseorang hidup produktif
secara sosial dan ekonomi (UU No 23 Thn 1992)

     
 The WHO definition of
DEFINITIONS health has been

!
criticized as being too
OF HEALTH broad.

Some argue that can not be

defined as a “state” at all,
It is dynamic concept. but must be seen as a
process of continuous
It helps people live well, adjustment to the changing
work well and enjoy demands of living and of
themselves. the changing meaning we
give to life.
 “The condition of being sound
in body, mind or spirit
DEFINITIONS especially freedom from
physical disease or pain.” -

!
OF HEALTH Webster
“Soundness of body or mind
that condition in which its are
duly and efficiently
discharged .” - Oxford English
Dictionary
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
- World Health Organization

In recent years, this definition has been amplified to include “the

ability to lead socially and economically productive life”.
 The WHO definition of health is not
OPERATIONAL an “operational” definition, i.e. it
does not lend itself to direct
DEFINITION

!
measurement, studies of
epidemiology of health have been
hampered because of our inability to
measure health and wellbeing
directly.

Broad Sense: Health can be seen as “A condition or quality of

human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the
organism in given condition, genetic or environmental.”

Narrow sense: There is no obvious evidence of disease, and that a

person is functioning normally. Several organs of the body are
functioning adequately in themselves and in relation to one
another, which implies a kind of equilibrium or homeostasis.
Health:

?
‘Health is only possible where resources are
available to meets and where the living and human
need working environment is protected from life-
threatening and health threatening pollutants,
pathogens, and physical hazards’(Who, 1992a)
NEW PHILOSOPHY • Health is a fundamental human right.
OF • Health is essence of productive life.
HEALTH Science
• Health is inter- sectoral.
• Health is integral part of
development.
• Health is central to quality of life.
• Health involves individuals, state and
international responsibility.
• Health and its maintenance is major
social investment.
• Health is world-wide social goal.
DIMENSIONS • Health is multidimensional.
OF HEALTH
• World Health Organization explained
health in three dimensional
perspectives: physical, mental, social
and spiritual.
• Besides these many more may be
cited, e.g. emotional, vocational,
political, philosophical, cultural,
socioeconomic, environmental,
educational, nutritional, curative and
preventive..
 PHYSICAL
• Physical dimension views heath form
DIMENSION
physiological perspective.
• It conceptualizes health that as
biologically a state in which each and
every organ even a cell is functioning
at their optimum capacity and in
perfect harmony with the rest of
body.
• Physical health can be assessed at
community level by the
measurement of morbidity and
mortality rates.
 MENTAL
• Ability to think clearly and
DIMENSION
coherently. This deals with sound
socialization in communities.
• Mental health is a state of balance
between the individual and the
surrounding world, a state of
harmony between oneself and others,
coexistence between the relatives of
the self and that of other people and
that of the environment.
• Mental health is not merely an
absence of mental illness.
 Features of
mentally healthy
Free from internal conflicts.
person Well – adjusted in the external
environment.
Searches for one’s identity.
Strong sense of self-esteem.
Knows himself: his mind, problems and
goal.
Have good self-controls-balances.
Faces problems and tries to solve them
intellectually.
 SOCIAL
• It refers the ability to make and
DIMENSION
maintain relationships with other
people or communities.
• It states that harmony and
integration within and between each
individuals and other members of the
society.
• Social dimension of health includes
the level of social skills one
possesses, social functioning and the
ability to see oneself as a member of
a larger society.
SPIRITUAL
• Spiritual health is connected with
DIMENSION
religious beliefs and practices. It also
deals with personal creeds, principles
of behavior and ways of achieving
peace of mind and being at peace
with oneself.
• It is intangible “something” that
transcends physiology and
psychology.
• It includes integrity, principle and
ethics, the purpose of life,
commitment to some higher being,
belief in the concepts that are not
subject to “state of art” explanation.
SPIRITUAL
• Spiritual health is connected with
DIMENSION
religious beliefs and practices. It also
deals with personal creeds, principles
of behavior and ways of achieving
peace of mind and being at peace
with oneself.
• It is intangible “something” that
transcends physiology and
psychology.
• It includes integrity, principle and
ethics, the purpose of life,
commitment to some higher being,
belief in the concepts that are not
subject to “state of art” explanation.
CONCEPT OF
• Ecological point of view disease is
DISEASE
defined as “a maladjustment of the
human organism to the
environment.”
• The simplest definition is that
disease is just the opposite of health:
i.e. any deviation from normal
functioning or state of complete
physical or mental well-being.
 Distinction
• The term disease literally means
between Disease,
Illness and “without ease” (uneasiness), when
Sickness something is wrong with bodily
function.
• Illness refers to the presence of a
specific disease, and also to the
individual’s perceptions and behavior
in response to the disease, as well as
the impact of that disease on the
psychosocial environment.
• Sickness refers to a state of social
dysfunction.
 Distinction
• Disease is a
between Disease,
Illness and physiological/psychological
Sickness dysfunction.
• Illness is a subjective state of the
person who feels aware of not being
well.
• Sickness is a state of social
dysfunction i.e. a role that the
individual assumes when ill (sickness
role).
CONCEPT OF
WELLBEING
Wellbeing of an individual or
group of individuals have
several components and has
been expressed in various ways,
such as ‘standard of living’ or
‘level of living’ and ‘quality of
live’.
STANDARD OF
LIVING Income and occupation,
standards of housing, sanitation
and nutrition, the level of
provision of health, educational,
recreational and other services
all be used individually as
measures of socioeconomic
status, and collectively as an
index of the standard of living.
 • It consists of nine components :
LEVEL OF LIVING health, food consumption,
education, occupation and
working conditions, housing,
social security, clothing, recreation
and leisure human rights.
• These objective characteristics are
believed to influence human
wellbeing. It is considered that
health is the most important
component of the level of living
because its impairment always
means impairment of the level of
living.
 • It consists of nine components :
LEVEL OF LIVING health, food consumption,
education, occupation and
working conditions, housing,
social security, clothing, recreation
and leisure human rights.
• These objective characteristics are
believed to influence human
wellbeing. It is considered that
health is the most important
component of the level of living
because its impairment always
means impairment of the level of
living.
QUALITY OF LIFE The condition of life resulting from
the combination of the effects of the
complete range of factors such as
those determining health, happiness
(including comfort in the physical
environment and a satisfying
occupation), education, social and
intellectual attainments, freedom of
action, justice and freedom of
expression. -
WHO (1976)
QUALITY OF LIFE A composite measure of physical,
mental and social wellbeing as
perceived by each individual or by
group of individuals- that is to say,
happiness, satisfaction and
gratification as it is expressed in
such life concerns as health,
marriage, family work, financial
situation, educational opportunities,
self-esteem, creativity,
belongingness, and trust in others.
WELLBEING
• Wellbeing of an individual or
group of individuals have objective
(standard of living or level of
living) and subjective (quality of
life) components.
• Thus, a distinction is drawn
between the concept of ‘level of
living’ consisting of objective
criteria and of ‘quality of life’
comprising the individual’s own
subjective evaluation of these.
TWO ASPECTS • Subjective: It is formed by
OF HEALTH sensations and feelings of a
person suffering from disease.
• Objective: Its basis is formed by
objective parameters obtained by
measurement of structures and
functions of a person during
disease.
• The quality of life can be evaluated
by assessing the persons
subjective feeling of happiness or
unhappiness about the various life
concerns.
 The components of health
The components of health are multiple and their interactions complex.
The health of an individual is strongly influenced by:
genetic make-up,
Nutritional status,
access to health care,
socioeconomic status
relationships with family members,
Participation in community life,
personal habits and lifestyle choices.
The environment – natural, climatic, physical, social
or workplace –play a major role in determining the
health of individuals.
Agricultural knowledge, science and
technology (AKST) play an
important role in improving human health
and nutrition.
What factors affect health?
• Genetics—certain diseases might run in your family
• Behavior such as smoking or using drugs
• Physical environment such as air or water pollution
• Access to health care; for example, lack of
transportation to the doctor
• Income; for example, lack of health insurance
• Education; for example, being unaware
of the risks of certain behavior
CONCEPT OF DISEASE
 Disease
Disease result from complex interaction between man, an
agent and the environment.

From ecological point of view disease is defined as

“maladjustment of the human organism to the
environment”.

    
Terima
Kasih
THE END