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    Ptm13 KajianBio SINAPS

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    Amin Khusnadiyah aminkhusnadiyah.2020
    This document discusses the structure and function of synapses. It defines a synapse as the connection between neurons that allows information transmission. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct transmission, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters. The document describes the key components and processes involved in chemical synaptic transmission, including vesicle release and postsynaptic responses. It also discusses different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and monoamines, and how they produce excitatory or inhibitory effects.

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    Ptm13 KajianBio SINAPS

    Uploaded by

    Amin Khusnadiyah aminkhusnadiyah.2020
    24 views37 pages
    This document discusses the structure and function of synapses. It defines a synapse as the connection between neurons that allows information transmission. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct transmission, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters. The document describes the key components and processes involved in chemical synaptic transmission, including vesicle release and postsynaptic responses. It also discusses different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and monoamines, and how they produce excitatory or inhibitory effects.

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    Ptm13-KajianBio-SINAPS (1)

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    This document discusses the structure and function of synapses. It defines a synapse as the connection between neurons that allows information transmission. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct transmission, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters. The document describes the key components and processes involved in chemical synaptic transmission, including vesicle release and postsynaptic responses. It also discusses different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and monoamines, and how they produce excitatory or inhibitory effects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    24 views37 pages

    Ptm13 KajianBio SINAPS

    Uploaded by

    Amin Khusnadiyah aminkhusnadiyah.2020
    This document discusses the structure and function of synapses. It defines a synapse as the connection between neurons that allows information transmission. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct transmission, while chemical synapses use neurotransmitters. The document describes the key components and processes involved in chemical synaptic transmission, including vesicle release and postsynaptic responses. It also discusses different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and monoamines, and how they produce excitatory or inhibitory effects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 37

    Biofungsi

    Sinapsis Oleh:
    Heru
    Nurcahyo

    Program
    Pascasarjana
    UNY

    2016
    SINAPSIS
    • Sinapsis adalah hubungan antara neuron satu
    dengan lainnya (Sherrington)
    • Sinapsis secara struktural tersusun atas:
    1.Membran presinaptik
    2.Celah sinapsis
    3.Membran postsinaptik.
    • Neurotransmitter:
    • Asetilkolin (ACh)
    • Norepinefrin (NE) atau noradrenalin (NA)
    • Epinefrin (adrenalin)
    Synapse
    • Functional connection between a
    neuron and another cell.
    • Different types of synapses involve:
    – Axodendritic (b):
    • Axon of one neuron and dendrite of
    another neuron.
    – Axosomatic (a):
    • Axon of one neuron and cell body of
    another neuron.
    – Axoaxonic (c):
    • Axon of 1 neuron and axon of another
    neuron.
    • Transmission in one direction only.
    Two types of synapses for transmit information between neurons
    1. Electrical synapse
    2. Chemical synapse
    Electrical synapses

    At electrical synapses, the presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell are


    connected by protein complexes called gap junctions, which are made of of
    subunits called connexins.

    Electrical synapses provide rapid and faithful signal transmission between


    cells, but a less flexible response than chemical synapses.
    Electrical Synapse
    • Impulses can be
    regenerated without
    interruption in adjacent
    cells.
    • Gap junctions:
    – Adjacent cells
    electrically coupled
    through a channel.
    • Examples:
    – Smooth and cardiac
    muscle.
    – CNS, retina
    Chemical Synapse

    • Presynaptic terminal (bouton) releases


    a chemical (neurotransmitter).
    • Synaptic transmission is through a
    chemical gated channel.
    Chemical Synapse
    • Terminal bouton is
    separated from
    postsynaptic cell by
    synaptic cleft.
    • Neurotransmitters (NT)
    are released from synaptic
    vesicles.
    • Amount of
    neurotransmitter released
    depends upon frequency
    of AP.
    Synaptic Transmission

    • AP travels down axon to bouton.


    • VG Ca++ channels open.
    • Ca++ enters bouton down concentration
    gradient.
    • Ca++ activates calmodulin, which activates
    protein kinase.
    Synaptic Transmission

    • NT is released and diffuses across synaptic


    cleft.
    • Neurotransmitter (ligand) binds to receptor
    in postsynaptic cell.
    • Chemical gated ion channel opens.
    • EPSP: depolarization.
    • IPSP: hyperpolarization.
    • Neurotransmitter inactivated.
    Chemical synapses

    Signals are carried across the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic and
    postsynaptic cells by the diffusion of neurotransmitter molecules.

    Fast direct chemical synapses: the transmitter receptor proteins include the
    both the binding site for the transmitter and an ion channel.
    Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the axon terminals and stored in small
    vesicles. These transmitters are typically small organic molecules.
    Slow indirect chemical synapses: the transmitter receptor proteins act
    through intracellular messenger systems to affect the conductance
    through ion channels.
    The transmitters are typically large molecules containing a single amino
    acid (biogenic amines) or several amino acid residues (neuropeptide).
    They are usually synthesized in the soma, packaged into large vesicles,
    and transported to the axon terminal.
    The onset of response is slower, but last longer (seconds to hours)
    Excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp)
    A change in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic cell that increases the
    probability of an action potential in that cell.

    Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp)


    A change in the transmembrane potential of a postsynaptic cell that reduces the
    probability of an action potential in that cell.
    Excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp)
    The current are typically carried through Na+ or Ca2+.

    Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp)


    The current are typically carried through channels that are permeable either to K + or to
    Cl-.
    Synaptic Integration
    • EPSPS can summate,
    producing AP.
    – Spatial summation:
    • Numerous boutons
    converge on a single
    postsynaptic neuron
    (distance).
    – Temporal summation:
    • Successive waves of
    neurotransmitter
    release (time).
    EPSP
    • No threshold.
    • Decrease resting
    membrane potential.
    – Closer to threshold.
    • Graded in magnitude.
    • Have no refractory
    period.
    • Can summate.
    IPSP
    • No threshold.
    • Hyperpolarize
    postsynaptic membrane.
    • Increase membrane
    potential:
    – Further away from
    threshold.
    • Can summate.
    • No refractory period.
    Excitation and inhibition depend critically on the nature of the local
    ionic gradients (properties of the channel & identities of the ions that
    flow) and not on the identity of the signaling molecule.
    Presynaptic inhibition: Neuronal inhibition resulting from action of an inhibitory
    terminal that synapses on the presynaptic terminal of an excitatory synapse,
    which reduces the amount of transmitter released.
    1. Increasing gk and gCl in the presynaptic terminals
    2. Reducing Ca2+ entry in the presynaptic terminals
    Neurotransmitter releasing depends on
    • Depolarization of presynaptic membrane
    • More depolarization caused more transmitter to be released
    • Extracellular Ca2+ concentrations
    Transmitter release steps
    1. Mature vesicles move up to active zones with
    assistance of cytoskeletal protein actin and
    myosin.
    2. Vesicle attached to membrane by the sec6/8
    and rab proteins (reversible)
    3. Attached irreversibly by forming SNARE complex
    4. Synaptotagmin interacts with the SNARE
    complex to produce rapid fusion.
    Classification of neurotransmitters
    • Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine,
    serotonin, histamine)
    • Amino acids (r-aminobutyric acid, glutamate,
    glycine)
    • polypeptides (somatostatin, substance P,
    LHRH)
    • Novel messengers (ATP, NO, CO)
    Acetylcholine (ACh) as
    Neurotransmitter
    • ACh is both an excitatory and inhibitory
    NT.
    • Causes the opening/closing of chemical
    gated ion channels.
    Ligand-Operated ACh Channels
    • Most direct
    mechanism.
    • Ion channel runs
    through receptor.
    • Receptor has 5
    polypeptide subunits
    that enclose ion
    channel.
    • 2 subunits contain
    ACh binding sites.
    • Permits diffusion of
    Na+.
    G Protein-Operated ACh
    Channel
    • Only 1 subunit.
    • Ion channels are
    separate proteins
    located away from the
    receptors.
    • Binding of ACh
    activates alpha G
    protein subunit.
    • Alpha subunit or the
    beta-gamma complex
    diffuses through
    membrane until it
    binds to ion channel,
    opening it.
    General events at G-protein coupled receptor
    1. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor protein
    2. GDP is released from G subunit
    3. GTP binds to the  protein cause dissociation of G-protein from the receptor and
     from  subunits
    4. Activated  subunitor the beta-gama complex binds to the effector molecules
    (signal transduction)
    5. GTP was hydrolyzed to GDP by GTPase (termination of signal)
    6. Bound to GDP again, the  and  form complex and bind to the receptor.
    At least three separate proteins contribute to slow, indirect
    chemical synaptic transmission
    1. Neurotransmitter receptor protein (seven transmembrane domains)
    2. Activated G proteins including  subunits or  comlex,
    3. Effector proteins (ion channels, enzyme for 2 nd messenger)
    G-proteins can function only if GTP is available
    Nonhyrolyzable analog of GTP, GTPS induce stable activation of
    the G protein.
    Acetylcholinesterase
    • AChE:
    • Enzyme that
    inactivates ACh.
    • Prevents
    continued
    stimulation.
    Monoamines as NT
    • Monoamine NTs:
    – Epinephrine
    – Norepinephrine
    – Serotonin
    – Dopamine
    • Released by exocytosis from presynaptic
    vesicles.
    • Diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
    • Interact with specific receptors in
    postsynaptic membrane.
    Mechanism of Action
    • Monoamine NT do not
    directly open ion channels.
    • Act through second
    messenger, cAMP.
    • Binding of norepinephrine
    stimulates dissociation of
    G protein alpha subunit.
    • Alpha subunit binds to
    adenylate cyclase,
    converting ATP to cAMP.
    • cAMP activates protein
    kinase, phosphorylating
    other proteins.
    • Reuptake of monoamines
    into presynaptic
    membrane.
    • Enzymatic degradation in
    presynaptic membrane by
    MAO.
    • Enzymatic degradation in
    postsynaptic membrane
    by COMT.
    Terima Kasih

    MAAFKAN ATAS
    SEGALA KESALAHAN
    SEE YOU NEXT

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