11 Flexure in Beams 03

CE 315
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0
Flexure in Beams L
E
C
By
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam
T
U
R
E
Department of Civil Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering & 11
Technology
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

Calculation ofGUIDELINES
for Balanced Beam
𝝐 𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 0.85
𝑓 ′𝑐 𝒂
𝟐
𝒂
𝒄 𝒃
𝑪=𝟎
. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇 ′𝒄 𝒃𝒄
𝐍𝐀
𝒅 𝒕
𝒂
𝒋𝒅 = 𝒅 −
𝒅 𝒕 − 𝒄 𝒃 𝟐
𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥
𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐬
𝝐 𝒚 𝑻 = 𝑨 𝒔 𝒇 𝒚
𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐍
𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒

Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

for Balanced Beam

From similar
triangles of the
strain diagram-
Or,
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

for Balanced Beam

Since,
(where, )
Hence,
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

for Balanced Beam
Where,
= balanced neutral axis depth

= effective depth to extreme tensile
reinforcement layer
= yield point of steel
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

ReinforcementGUIDELINES
Ratio at Balanced Condition

But,
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &

ReinforcementGUIDELINES
Ratio at Balanced Condition
Hence,
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
GUIDELINES
Steel Ratio Formula for Balanced Beam

The following formula can be used to determine
the steel ratio at balanced condition-
Where,
= Compressive strength of concrete (psi)
= Yield strength of steel (psi)
=factor that depends on
Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
GUIDELINES
Lower Limit for Steel Reinforcement
 The ACI Code established a lower limit on
the amount of tension reinforcement.
 The Code states that where tensile

reinforcement is required, the steel area
should not be less than the following-
For rectangular beam,

Flexure in Beams
REINFORCEMENT RATIO
LIMITATIONS &
Steel Ratio GUIDELINES
 The steel ratio (or, reinforcement ratio) is
given by-
NA
 For ductile behavior, ACI Code recommends

that ranges from 50 to 60 % of
Flexure in Beams
STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
 The nominal flexural strength of a concrete
member is reached when the net compressive
strain in the extreme fiber reaches the ACI
Code assumed limit of 0.003.
 It also stipulates that when the tensile strain

in then extreme tension steel is sufficiently
large at a value equal or greater than 0.005,
the behavior is fully ductile.
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The reinforced concrete beam is
characterized by ACI as-
 Tension-controlled
Ductile mode of failure, with ample warning
of failure as denoted by excessive cracking
and deflection (preferred)
 Compression-controlled
Brittle mode of failure, with little warning
 Transitional
Beams with small axial load and large
moment
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
ACI 318-02 Code Strain Limits
 Tension-controlled
 Compression-controlled
 Transitional
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Maximum Steel Ratio by ACI Code
The maximum steel ratio allowed by the ACI

Code can be obtained using .
According to the ACI Code, when the tensile

strain is greater than or equal to 0.005, the
strength reduction factor is 0.9.
When then
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
When tension controls and
When section will be in the transition region

and
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Minimum Steel Ratio by ACI Code
when,
when,
When the section meets the ACI Code

limitations for tension controlled section.
When section is not acceptable.

Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
(ksi) (ksi)
40 0.85 0.0203 0.0371
3
60 0.85 0.0135 0.0214
40 0.85 0.0271 0.0495
4
60 0.85 0.0181 0.0285
40 0.80 0.0319 0.0582
5
60 0.80 0.0213 0.0335
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Strain Limits in terms of Neutral Axis
Depth
𝒃
𝝐 𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝝐 𝒄 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒄 𝒄

𝐍𝐀
𝒅𝒕

𝐍𝐀
𝝐 𝒕 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝝐 𝒕 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐

Tension- Compression-
controlled controlled
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Variation of as a Function of Strain
Variation of the value for the range of strain

between and can be linearly interpolated to
give the following expression-
Spirally-Reinforced Sections:
Other Sections:
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Variation of as a Function of Strain
Compressio Transition Tension
0.95
n Zone Controlled
0.90 Controlled Spiral
∅ =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟎
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
∅ =𝟎 .𝟕𝟎
Other
0.65
∅ =𝟎 .𝟔𝟓
0.60
0 0 𝝐 𝒕 =𝟎0 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐 0 0 𝝐 𝒕 =𝟎0.01. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 0.01
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 03 & DESIGN
Determine the steel required to create a balanced

condition for the beam shown.
b = 10 in, h = 25 in,
d = 22 in
Given:
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
EXAMPLE 03 : SOLUTION
The strain at which steel yields is-
𝑐𝑏 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐𝑏
=
0.003 0.00207

Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Again,
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
And,
Therefore,
Hence,
Required steel for balanced condition =
Flexure in Beams

ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Alternatively,
(SAME ANSWER)

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CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

= balanced neutral axis depth

 The Code states that where tensile

For rectangular beam,

 For ductile behavior, ACI Code recommends

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

 It also stipulates that when the tensile strain

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

The maximum steel ratio allowed by the ACI

According to the ACI Code, when the tensile

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

When tension controls and

When section will be in the transition region

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

When the section meets the ACI Code

When section is not acceptable.

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

Variation of the value for the range of strain

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

Determine the steel required to create a balanced

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

STRAIN LIMITS METHOD FOR

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