Functions

a. Produce, maintain, and

transport sperm (male
reproductive cells) and protective
fluid (semen)
Functions
b. Discharge sperm into female
reproductive tract during
copulation.
Functions
c. Produce and secrete male sex
hormones.
• are contained in a pouch of
skin called the SCROTUM.

• are male reproductive

glands.
• are located outside of the
body because they require a
lower temperature to permit
sperm production.
SCROTUM
- Serves as a cooling unit
to maintain the optimal
temperature (lower than
37°C) for sperm
development.
• contains around
250 compartments, which
contain many highly coiled
tubes called the
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES.

Longitudinal section of a testis

 The Male Reproductive System

Formation of Sperm
SPERMATOGENESIS
- is the process of forming sperm cells, takes place
within the seminiferous tubules.
The Male Reproductive System

Formation of Sperm
1.Spermatogenesis begins with
undifferentiated cells, the
spermatogonia, in the walls of the
seminiferous tubules.

2. The spermatogonia (diploid cells)

divide by mitosis and produce more
spermatogonia.
The Male Reproductive System

Formation of Sperm
3. Some enlarge and become
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES,
which undergo meiosis and
produce gametes (haploid).

4. Each primary spermatocyte

undergoes meiosis I, which
produces two secondary
spermatocytes (haploid).
The Male Reproductive System

Formation of Sperm
5. In meiosis II, each of the two
secondary spermatocytes gives to
two spermatids (haploid). Four
spermatids are produced from
the primary spermatocyte.
6. Each spermatid differentiates
into a mature sperm.
The Male Reproductive System

Formation of Sperm
SERTOLI CELLS
-Provide nutrients for the
developing sperm cells.
-Secrete hormones and other
signaling molecules.
LEYDIG CELLS
- Produce testosterone in the
presence of the luteinizing
hormone.
The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through

the Body
1.The sperm moves from the
seminiferous tubules to the
epididymis. It is a long, coiled tube
closely attached to the testis where
sperm mature and undergo
formation of a flagellum, gaining
the ability to swim.
The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through

the Body
2. The sperm remain in the
epididymis for about 2 weeks and
then pass into a duct called the
VAS DEFERENS.
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through the Body

3. The sperm cells will then move through
the EJACULATORY DUCT and into the
PROSTATE GLAND.
Then they travel through the
URETHRA where they mix with fluids that
are secreted by three exocrine glands:
seminal vesicles prostate
gland
bulbo-urethral glands
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through the

Body
Then they travel through the
URETHRA where they mix with
fluids that are secreted by three
exocrine glands:
SEMINAL VESICLES
produce a sugar-rich fluid which
the sperm cells use for energy.
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through the

Body
Then they travel through the
URETHRA where they mix with
fluids that are secreted by three
exocrine glands:
PROSTATE GLAND
produces an alkaline fluid that
neutralizes the acids in the female
reproductive system.
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through

the Body
Then they travel through the
URETHRA where they mix with
fluids that are secreted by three
exocrine glands:
BULBO-URETHRAL
GLANDS
release an alkaline fluid that
neutralizes the traces of acidic urine
in the urethra.
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through the

Body
Together, the
SPERM
and these secretions form a fluid
called the

SEMEN.
 The Male Reproductive System

Pathway of the Sperm through the

Body

From the urethra, the

SEMEN passes through
the PENIS , which will be
ejected to the outside of the
body.
 The female reproductive
organ consists of the :

•ovaries,
•uterine tube (or the fallopian
tube),
•uterus
•external genitalia, and
•mammary glands.
Functions of the female
reproductive system:

1. Production of female sex cell.

The reproductive system produces
female sex cells or the oocytes, in
the ovaries
2.Reception of sperm cells from
the male.
The female reproductive system
includes structures that receive sperm
cells from the male and transport the
sperm cells to the site of fertilization.
 3.Nurturing the development of
and providing nourishment for the
new individual.

The female reproductive system

nurtures the development of a
new individual in the uterus
until birth and provides
nourishment in the form of
milk after birth.
4. Production of
female sex hormones.
Hormones produced by the female
reproductive system control the
development of the reproductive
itself and of the female body form.
These hormones are also essential
for the normal function of the
reproductive system and
reproductive behavior.
VULVA
- The external
structures of the
female reproductive
system.
VULVA
- It is composed of
the LABIA MINORA
and LABIA MAJORA,
which are folds of
skin that cover and
protect the opening
of the female
reproductive tract.
 Mons pubis: fatty pad over the
pubic symphysis
 Labia majora & minora: folds of skin
encircling vestibule where find
urethral and vaginal openings
 Clitoris: small mass of erectile tissue
 Bulb of vestibule: masses of erectile
tissue just deep to the labia on
either side of the vaginal orifice
 Perineum: Area between the vagina
and anus
29
 VAGINA
It is the female organ of copulation and
function to receive the penis during
intercourse.
It also allows menstrual flow and
childbirth.
It extends from the uterus to the outside of the body. The
superior portion of the vagina is attached to the sides of the
cervix so that a part of the cervix extends to the vagina.
A muscular canal that
receives the sperm
during COPULATION.

It also serves as
channel through which
the baby passes
through during
CHILDBIRTH.
It receives the PENIS
during intercourse.
The wall of vagina consists of an outer muscular layer
and an inner mucous membrane

In young females, the vaginal opening is covered

by a thin mucous membrane called the
hymen. The hymen completely closes the
vaginal orifice, in which case it must be removed
to allow menstrual flow. More commonly, the
hymen is perforated by one or several holes the
opening in the hymen is usually greatly enlarged
during sexual intercourse
UTERUS (WOMB)
It is a big as a medium sized pear. It is
oriented in the pelvic cavity with the
larger, rounded part directed
superiorly.
The main part of the uterus is called the
body

the narrower part, the cervix,

is directed inferiorly.
It is a hollow,
muscular organ in
which the fertilized
egg can develop.

Its upper ends, the

FALLOPIAN TUBES,
are where the mature
EGG and SPERM
CELLS meet.
CILIA
Help to move the egg
(and the sperm)
through the Fallopian
tubes.

At each end of the

Fallopian tube is an
OVARY, the female
gonad that produces
egg cells.
 Hollow, thick-walled organ located in
the pelvis anterior to the rectum and
posterosuperior to the bladder
 Body: Major portion of the uterus
 Fundus: Rounded region superior to
the entrance of the uterine tubes
 Isthmus: Narrowed region between
the body and cervix
Ovaries
The two ovaries are small organs
suspended in the pelvic cavity by
ligaments

Ovaries
produce eggs also called ova. Every female is
born with a lifetime supply of egg cells.

They also produce hormones: the

estrogen and the protesterone.
 the ovaries become active during puberty and producing ova and
estrogen
 Estrogen causes the development of the female secondary sex
characteristics
1.Development of the breast
2.Onset of menstruation
3.Widening of axillary and pubic hair
4.Increase of fat deposit beneath the skin particularly in the hips and
breast
5.Enlargement of the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external
genetalia.
OVARIES
endometrium
42
 Uterine or the Fallopian tube also
Uterine tube known as the oviduct is associated with
the ovary.

The uterine tubes extend

from the area of the ovaries
to the uterus. They open
directly into the peritoneal
cavity near each ovary and
receive the oocyte.
 Uterine tube
Uterine or the Fallopian tube also known as
the oviduct is associated with the ovary.

The uterine tubes extend from the area

of the ovaries to the uterus. They open
directly into the peritoneal cavity near
each ovary and receive the oocyte.
The opening of each uterine tube is surrounded
by long, thin processes called fimbriae.

Fertilization usually occurs in the part of the

uterine tube near the ovary, called the ampulla
 Receive the ovulated oocyte and
provide a site for fertilization
 Empty into the superolateral region of
the uterus via the isthmus
 Expand distally around the ovary
forming the ampulla
 The ampulla ends in the funnel-
shaped, ciliated infundibulum
containing fingerlike projections called
fimbriae
 Function: events occurring in the uterine
tube
 Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube, cilia &
peristalsis move it along, sperm reaches
oocyte in ampulla, fertilization occurs within
24 hours after ovulation & zygote reaches
uterus about 7 days after ovulation
 47
Cilia sweep egg/zygote toward the
uterus
 The Bartholin's glands are located on each side of the
vaginal opening.
 They secrete fluid that
helps lubricate the vagina.
 Sometimes the ducts of
these glands become
obstructed.
 Fluid backs up into the gland
and causes swelling
(Bartholin's cyst)
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
is the series of natural changes
that occurs in the uterus and in the
ovary.

During this period,

An EGG matures and is OVULATED.

UTERUS prepares a suitable
environment in which a fertilized
egg could develop into a FETUS.
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
During this period,

If an EGG is not fertilized, it is

discharged along with the inner
lining of the UTERUS (endometrium)
in a process called
MENSTRUATION.
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The cycle would take
around 28 DAYS.

It is composed of 2 major
cycles
(OVARIAN and
UTERINE CYCLES)
which happens
simultaneously.
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

The UTERINE CYCLE

changes to the endometrial
lining in the uterus.
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

The UTERINE CYCLE

changes to the endometrial
lining in the uterus.
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

Three phases
1.Follicular
2.Ovulation
3.Luteal
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

Three phases
1.Follicular (days 1 -13)
-1st part of the ovarian cycle
-ovarian follicles mature and
get ready to release the egg.
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

Three phases
2. Ovulation (day 14)
-the shortest phase in the cycle
wherein the mature egg is released
from one of the ovarian follicles
down the Fallopian tube.
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The OVARIAN CYCLE
changes to the follicles in the
ovaries.

Three phases
3. Luteal (days 15 - 28)
-this marked after the release of the
mature egg.
-FSH and LH cause the remaining
parts of the follicle to transform into
CORPUS LUTEUM, which produces
progesterone.
 Monthly changes that occur in the ovary
during a woman’s reproductive life.
 Each month FSH stimulates primordial
follicles to grow and mature (follicular
phase)
 Ovulation- release of the egg (LH)
 Luteal phase the corpus luteum If fertilization does not occur, the
produces progesterone that maintains corpus luteum degenerates, within
uterine walls 2 weeks into a mass of scar tissue
called the corpus albicans
The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The UTERINE CYCLE
changes to the endometrial
lining in the uterus.

Three phases
1.Menstruation
2.Proliferative
3.Secretory
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The UTERINE CYCLE
changes to the endometrial lining
in the uterus.
Three phases
1.MENSTRUATION
The Menses, or menstrual
blood, is shed from the lining of the
uterus known as the
ENDOMETRIUM.
Usually lasts for an average of
5 days
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The UTERINE CYCLE
changes to the endometrial
lining in the uterus.
Three phases
2. PROLIFERATIVE
It happens when the
estrogen causes the lining of the
uterus to grow, or proliferate.
ESTROGEN is released by
the ovarian follicles. Initiates the
formation of a new layer.
 The

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The UTERINE CYCLE
changes to the endometrial lining in
the uterus.
Three phases
3. SECRETORY
As the corpus luteum produces
progesterone, this causes the
endometrium to become receptive to
implantation of the blastocyst
(developing ZYGOTE) and supportive
of the early pregnancy.
1. The GnRH is released by the hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
hypothalamus
Stimulated by high levels
1 GnRH of estradiol
Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of
estradiol

2 FSH LH 2. GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary lobe

to secrete FSH and LH.
3. The FSH and LHH stimulate follicle growth in the ovary.

2 FSH LH
4. The follicles start to make estrogen (estradiol). Several follicles begin to
grow with each cycle, but usually only one matures.

2 FSH LH
5. Around day 12, estrogen levels rise steeply.

2 FSH LH
6. Rising estrogen stimulates an LH surge.

2 FSH LH
7. The LH surge triggers ovulation: the mature follicle ruptures, releasing the
secondary oocyte.

2 FSH LH
8. The follicles left in the ovary form the corpus luteum, which secretes
progesterone and estrogen.

2 FSH LH
9. Rising progesterone and estrogen levels stimulate thickening of the
endometrium.

2 FSH LH
10. If pregnancy occurs (implantation), the corpus luteum continues to
secrete progesterone and estrogen to maintain the endometrium
(thickening); otherwise it disintegrates and hormones levels drop, resulting
in the loss of the endometrial tissue as menstrual flow.

2 FSH LH
This cycle continues for about 450 cycles.
Then women enter menopause, which marks the end of the
menstrual cycle.
This stage occurs in females around 40-50 years of age, and
starts within 12 months after the last menstrual period.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS for MENOPAUSAL STAGE
1.Irregular Periods 8. thinning hair
2.Vaginal dryness 9. night sweating
3.Sleep problems 10. decreasing breast fullness
4.Hot flashes
5.Mood swings
6.Weight gain
7.Dry skin
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
(IVF)
- A technique in which fertilization
occurs outside the female body (in a
test tube).
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- It includes techniques such as
INTRACYTOPLASMIC INJECTION,
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER,
CYTOPLASMIC TRANSFER,
EGG DONATION,
SPERM DONATION, and
EMBRYO SPLITTING.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- It includes techniques such as
INTRACYTOPLASMIC INJECTION,
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER,
CYTOPLASMIC TRANSFER,
EGG DONATION,
SPERM DONATION, and
EMBRYO SPLITTING.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- It includes techniques such as
INTRACYTOPLASMIC INJECTION,
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER,
CYTOPLASMIC TRANSFER,
EGG DONATION,
SPERM DONATION, and
EMBRYO SPLITTING.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- It includes techniques such as
INTRACYTOPLASMIC INJECTION,
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER,
CYTOPLASMIC TRANSFER,
EGG DONATION,
SPERM DONATION, and
EMBRYO SPLITTING.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- It includes techniques such as
INTRACYTOPLASMIC INJECTION,
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER,
CYTOPLASMIC TRANSFER,
EGG DONATION,
SPERM DONATION, and
EMBRYO SPLITTING.
SURROGACY
- When medical condition prevents a
safe pregnancy, or when one of the
couple has a condition that makes
pregnancy impossible.
SURROGACY
- This technique, the embryo
from the couple is implanted
to another female who will
carry and give birth to the
baby of the intended parents.
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER (GIFT)

- This procedure is used for women

who ovulate and have normal
Fallopian tubes but are still unable to
conceive.
- In GIFT, the egg and sperm are
placed in the Fallopian tube.
SEX SELECTION
- Also called SPERM SORTING.
- This technique is often used to help
couples increase the chances of
selecting their desired gender of their
child.
SEX SELECTION
- Also called SPERM SORTING.
- In this process, the sperm is placed in
a centrifuge, where controlled
spinning causes the chromosomes to
be sorted. The chromosome number
will then be altered.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
- Is a deliberate introduction of
SEMEN into a female’s vagina for
the purpose of getting pregnant.