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    Module1 Overview Hivinfection

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    Cristine Barroza
    This module provides an overview of HIV infection. It defines HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV leads to AIDS if untreated. It discusses how HIV is transmitted and the global HIV pandemic. It also explains the window period of HIV testing, the stages of HIV infection based on CD4 count and viral load, and how antiretroviral therapy can delay disease progression.

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    Module1 Overview Hivinfection

    Uploaded by

    Cristine Barroza
    25 views20 pages
    This module provides an overview of HIV infection. It defines HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV leads to AIDS if untreated. It discusses how HIV is transmitted and the global HIV pandemic. It also explains the window period of HIV testing, the stages of HIV infection based on CD4 count and viral load, and how antiretroviral therapy can delay disease progression.

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    This module provides an overview of HIV infection. It defines HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV leads to AIDS if untreated. It discusses how HIV is transmitted and the global HIV pandemic. It also explains the window period of HIV testing, the stages of HIV infection based on CD4 count and viral load, and how antiretroviral therapy can delay disease progression.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views20 pages

    Module1 Overview Hivinfection

    Uploaded by

    Cristine Barroza
    This module provides an overview of HIV infection. It defines HIV and AIDS, describing how HIV leads to AIDS if untreated. It discusses how HIV is transmitted and the global HIV pandemic. It also explains the window period of HIV testing, the stages of HIV infection based on CD4 count and viral load, and how antiretroviral therapy can delay disease progression.

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    Module 1:

    Overview of HIV Infection


    Learning Objectives
    At the end of this module, you will be able to:
    • Describe the difference between HIV infection
    and AIDS
    • Discuss the HIV epidemics globally, regionally,
    and locally in terms of number of people affected
    • Define the terms: antibody and antigen
    • Explain how “window period” may affect HIV
    testing results
    • Describe the progression of HIV infection

    Lab workers Health workers Counselors 2


    Content Overview
    • What is HIV?
    • What is AIDS?
    • The HIV pandemic
    • HIV transmission
    • Window period
    • Stages of HIV infection

    Lab workers Health workers Counselors 3


    What is HIV?
    • Human: Infecting human beings
    • Immunodeficiency: Decrease or
    weakness in the body’s ability to fight off
    infections and illnesses
    • Virus: A pathogen having the ability to
    replicate only inside a living cell

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    Types of HIV Virus
    • HIV 1
     Most common in sub-Saharan Africa and
    throughout the world
     Groups M, N, and O
     Pandemic dominated by Group M
     Group M comprised of subtypes A - J

    • HIV 2
     Most often found in West Central Africa, parts
    of Europe and India

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    Structure of HIV

    Envelope

    Reverse
    Core p24 Transcriptase

    RNA

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    What is AIDS?
    • Acquired: To come into possession of
    something new
    • Immune Deficiency: Decrease or weakness in
    the body’s ability to fight off infections and
    illnesses
    • Syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms
    that occur together and characterize a particular
    abnormality
    AIDS is the final stage of the disease caused by
    infection with a type of virus called HIV.
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    HIV vs. AIDS
    • HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
    • Not everyone who is infected with HIV has
    AIDS
    • Everyone with AIDS is infected with HIV
    • AIDS is result of the progression of HIV
    Infection
    • Anyone infected with HIV, although
    healthy, can still transmit the virus to
    another person
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    How is HIV Transmitted?
    • Unprotected sexual
    contact with an infected
    partner
    • Exposure of broken skin
    or wound to infected
    blood or body fluids
    • Transfusion with HIV-
    infected blood
    • Injection with
    contaminated objects
    • Mother to child during
    pregnancy, birth or
    breastfeeding

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    HIV: A Global Pandemic

    Eastern Europe
    & Central Asia
    Western Europe 1.2 – 1.8 million
    North America 520 000 – 680 000
    East Asia & Pacific
    790 000 – 1.2 million
    North Africa & Middle 700 000 – 1.3 million
    East
    470 000 – 730 000 South
    Caribbean & South-East Asia
    350 000 – 590 000 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.6 – 8.2 million
    25.0 – 28.2 million
    Latin America
    Australia
    1.3 – 1.9 million & New Zealand
    12 000 – 18 000

    Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS


    (2003):
    (2003) 34 – 46 million total

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    HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

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    HIV Epidemic: Local Facts & Impact
    • Insert -
     Local HIV/AIDS Facts
     Local Impact

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    Basic Terms
    • Antigen: A substance which is
    recognized as foreign by the immune
    system. Antigens can be part of an
    organism or virus, e.g., envelope, core
    (p24) and triggers antibody production.

    • Antibody: A protein (immunoglobulin)


    made by the body’s immune system to
    recognize and attack foreign substances

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    Testing for Viral Infection and Immune
    Response
    • Viral infection
     Viral Load
     p24 Antigen
    • Immune response
     Antibody (IgG, IgM)
     Cellular response (CD4)

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    Evolution of Antibodies

    Window Period

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    Window Period
    • Time from initial infection with HIV until
    antibodies are detected by a single test
    • Usually 3-8 weeks before antibodies are
    detected
    • May test false-negative for HIV antibodies
    during this time period
    • Can still pass the virus to others during
    this period

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    Disease Progression
    • Severity of illness is determined by
    amount of virus in the body (increasing
    viral load) and the degree of immune
    suppression (decreasing CD4+ counts)
    • As the CD4 count declines, the immune
    function decreases.

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    WHO HIV/AIDS Classification System
    Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV
    Minor Moderate
    Asymptomatic Symptoms Symptoms AIDS

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    Can Disease Progression Be Delayed?
    • Prevention and early
    treatment of
    opportunistic
    infections (OIs)
    • Antiretroviral therapy
    • Positive living

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    Summary
    • What is HIV? What is AIDS? How does HIV
    relate to AIDS?
    • What are the means by which HIV is
    transmitted?
    • What is “window period?” How does it affect HIV
    test results?
    • What is an antibody? Antigen?
    • How does HIV infection progress?
    • How can the disease progression of HIV/AIDS
    be delayed?
    Lab workers Health workers Counselors 20

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