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    AIDS - Google Docs

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    sikara20081

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AIDS - Google Docs

    Uploaded by

    sikara20081
    3 views15 pages

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    3 views15 pages

    AIDS - Google Docs

    Uploaded by

    sikara20081

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 15

    ‭FRONT PAGE‬

    ‭1‬
    ‭ACKNOWLEDMENT‬

    ‭2‬
    ‭CERTIFICATE‬

    ‭3‬
    ‭TOPIC‬

    ‭4‬
    ‭TOPIC‬

    ‭5‬
    ‭TABLE OF CONTENT‬

    ‭6‬
    ‭INTRODUCTION‬

    ‭ uman immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome‬


    H
    ‭HIV/AIDS is a spectrum of conditions caused by infectious human immunodeficiency‬
    ‭virus. Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may‬
    ‭experience a brief period of influenza like illness. Typically, this is followed by a‬
    ‭prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with‬
    ‭the immune system, increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis ,as well‬
    ‭as the other opportunistic infections, and tumours that rarely affect people who have‬
    ‭working immune systems. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as AIDS.‬
    ‭This stage is often also associated with weight loss. HIV is spread primarily by‬
    ‭(including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusion, hypodermic needle and‬
    ‭from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids,‬
    ‭such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV. Methods of prevention include safe sex,‬
    ‭needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, and male circumcision‬
    ‭Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child‬
    ‭antiretroviral meditation. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment‬
    ‭can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy.‬
    ‭Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Without treatment, the‬
    ‭average survival time after infection is 11 years.‬

    ‭7‬
    ‭SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS‬

    ‭8‬
    ‭CAUSES OF AIDS‬
    ‭ he main causes of AIDS is a disorder of cell mediated immune system of the body. The‬
    T
    ‭disorder is characterised by a reduction in the number of helper.T Cells which stimulate‬
    ‭antibody production by B-cells. This results in the loss of natural defence against viral‬
    ‭infection. HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system‬
    ‭.The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus‬
    ‭progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many factors(age of the‬
    ‭patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to health care, existence of‬
    ‭coexisting infections, the infected person's genetic inheritance, resistance to certain‬
    ‭strains of HIV.‬

    ‭ IV CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY -‬
    H
    ‭• Sexual transmission . It can happen when there is contact with infected sexual‬
    ‭secretions (rectal, genital or oral mucous membranes). This can happen while having‬
    ‭unprotected sex, including vaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with someone‬
    ‭infected with HIV.‬

    •‭ Perinatal transmission . The mother can pass the infection on to her child during‬
    ‭childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding.‬

    •‭ Blood transmission . The risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is‬
    ‭nowadays extremely low in developed countries, thanks to meticulous screening and‬
    ‭precautions. Among drug users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with‬
    ‭HIV-infected blood is extremely hazardous.‬

    ‭9‬
    ‭SCREENING TEST OF AIDS‬
    ‭ IDS patients generally have circulated antibodies which can be detected. In many‬
    A
    ‭countries. This test is done as a routine on the blood donor, screening may be harmful to‬
    ‭victims. Person found to be HIV positive are found to be depressed and suicidal and are‬
    ‭denied insurance, evicted from their homes and fired from their jobs only a small‬
    ‭minority of such person are likely to develop full brown AIDS. However, the infected‬
    ‭person may spread infection to others.‬

    ‭HIV can be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Available tests include:‬

    ‭•‬‭Antigen/antibody tests. These tests usually involve‬‭drawing blood from a‬


    ‭ ein. Antigens are substances on the HIV virus itself and are usually‬
    v
    ‭detectable — a positive test — in the blood within a few weeks after exposure‬
    ‭to HIV. Antibodies are produced by your immune system when it's exposed to‬
    ‭HIV. It can take weeks to months for antibodies to become detectable. The‬
    ‭combination antigen/antibody tests can take 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to‬
    ‭become positive.‬

    •‭ Antibody tests. These tests look for antibodies to HIV in blood or saliva. Most‬
    ‭rapid HIV tests, including self-tests done at home, are antibody tests. Antibody‬
    ‭tests can take 3 to 12 weeks after you're exposed to become positive.‬

    •‭ Nucleic acid tests (NATs). These tests look for the actual virus in your blood‬
    ‭(viral load). They also involve blood drawn from a vein. If you might have been‬
    ‭exposed to HIV within the past few weeks, your health care provider may‬
    ‭recommend NAT. NAT will be the first test to become positive after exposure to‬
    ‭HIV.‬

    ‭10‬
    ‭Today ‘ELISA’ test is done to identify this pandemic disease [AIDS].‬

    ‭WESTERN BLOT TEST PROCESS‬

    ‭11‬
    ‭TREATMENT FOR AIDS‬

    ‭ he most effective treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is a‬


    T
    ‭combination of several medicines that aims to control the amount of virus in your body.‬
    ‭Antiretroviral medicines slow the rate at which the virus grows. Taking these medicines‬
    ‭can reduce the amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy.‬
    ‭It's important to take medicines exactly as the doctor tells . When treatment doesn't‬
    ‭work, it is often because HIV has become resistant to the medicine. This can happen if‬
    ‭we don't take our medicines correctly.‬

    ‭Other steps we can take include the following:‬

    •‭ Keep your immune system strong by eating right, quitting smoking, and learning how‬
    ‭to avoid infection.‬

    •‭ Monitor your CD4+ (white blood cells) counts to check the effect of the virus on your‬
    ‭immune system.‬

    •‭ See a counsellor to help you handle the strong emotions and stress that can follow an‬
    ‭HIV diagnosis.‬

    ‭• Reduce stress so that you can better manage the HIV illness.‬

    ‭12‬
    ‭PREVENTION OF AIDS/HIV‬

    ‭13‬
    ‭CONCLUSION‬
    ‭ fter studying the causes and effects of AIDS from different views ,we conclude that it‬
    A
    ‭is a pandemic disease .It is mainly spread sexually and people of the age group of the‬
    ‭age group 25-45 years are the most affected group. There are some methods like‬
    ‭‘Antiviral Therapy’ and ‘Immune Stimulative Therapy’ which bring some hope that‬
    ‭even then no specific treatment has been found so far and mortality forms are virtually‬
    ‭100 % . So the only prevention is the test medicine care‬

    ‭14‬
    ‭BIBLIOGRAPHY‬

    ‭ he following books were used for the above project –‬


    T
    ‭• Ncert textbook biology class XII‬
    ‭• Biology lab manual class 12‬

    •‭ Ncert textbook class XI Also ,the following website were consulted for the relevant‬
    ‭information –‬
    ‭• www.wikipedia.org‬
    ‭• www.google.com‬
    ‭• www.icbse.com‬
    ‭• www.yahoo.com‬

    ‭15‬

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