Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks: Presented by Veeraprathap V Research Scholar UVCE, Bangalore 01

Introduction to
Wireless Sensor Networks
Presented By
Veeraprathap V
Research Scholar UVCE,
Bangalore 01
1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Table of References
Slides
6 www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
19-23 http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
7-13 http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
17-18,29-33 http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
15-16 www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
24 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm
32-33 http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf

Agenda
 Introduction
 Differences with ad hoc networks
 Applications
 Characteristics
 Challenges
 Future
 Motes
 Hardware Setup Overview

Introduction
 Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that
consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad
hoc manner.
 These sensors work with each other to sense
some physical phenomenon and then the
information gathered is processed to get relevant
results.
 Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols
and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

Example of WSN
Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png
Comparison with ad hoc
networks
 Wireless sensor networks mainly use broadcast
communication while ad hoc networks use point-to-
point communication.
 Unlike ad hoc networks wireless sensor networks are
limited by sensors limited power, energy and
computational capability.
 Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the
large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.

Applications of Wireless Sensor
networks
The applications can be divided in three

categories:
1. Monitoring of objects.
2. Monitoring of an area.
3. Monitoring of both area and objects.
* Classification due to Culler, Estrin, Srivastava

Monitoring Area
 Environmental and Habitat Monitoring

 Precision Agriculture
 Indoor Climate Control
 Military Surveillance
 Treaty Verification
 Intelligent Alarms

Example: Precision Agriculture
• Precision agriculture aims at

making cultural operations more
efficient, while reducing
environmental impact.
• The information collected from
sensors is used to evaluate
optimum sowing density, estimate
fertilizers and other inputs needs,
and to more accurately predict
crop yields.

Monitoring Objects
 Structural Monitoring
 Eco-physiology
 Condition-based Maintenance
 Medical Diagnostics
 Urban terrain mapping

Example: Condition-based
Maintenance
 Intel fabrication plants

 Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear and
tear; report data in real-time
 Reduces need for a team of engineers; cutting costs
by several orders of magnitude

Monitoring Interactions between Objects
and Space
 Wildlife Habitats
 Disaster Management
 Emergency Response
 Ubiquitous Computing
 Asset Tracking
 Health Care
 Manufacturing Process Flows

Example: Habitat Monitoring
 The ZebraNet Project

Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra movement in
Kenya
Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University

Characteristics of Wireless
Sensor Networks
 Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of sensors.
Sensors are -
 low power
 limited memory
 energy constrained due to their small size.
 Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme

environmental conditions and may be prone to enemy
attacks.
 Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need to be
self organized and self healing and can face constant
reconfiguration.

Design Challenges
 Heterogeneity
 The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to
collaborate with each other.
 Distributed Processing
 The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is
carried out on different nodes.
 Low Bandwidth Communication
 The data should be transferred efficiently between
sensors

Continued..
 Large Scale Coordination
 The sensors need to coordinate with each other to produce
required results.
 Utilization of Sensors
 The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the
maximum performance and use less energy.
 Real Time Computation
 The computation should be done quickly as new data is
always being generated.

Operational Challenges of
Wireless Sensor Networks
 Energy Efficiency
 Limited storage and computation
 Low bandwidth and high error rates
 Errors are common
 Wireless communication
 Noisy measurements
 Node failure are expected
 Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
 Survivability in harsh environments
 Experiments are time- and space-intensive

Enabling Technologies
Embed numerous distributed Network devices to coordinate
devices to monitor and interact and perform higher-level tasks
with physical world
Embedded
Networked
Control system w/
Small form factor Exploit
Untethered nodes collaborative
Sensing, action
Sensing
Tightly coupled to physical world
Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office
 Sensors controlling
appliances and electrical
devices in the house.
 Better lighting and
heating in office
buildings.
 The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.

Biomedical / Medical
 Health Monitors
 Glucose
 Heart rate
 Cancer detection
 Chronic Diseases
 Artificial retina
 Cochlear implants
 Hospital Sensors
 Monitor vital signs
 Record anomalies

Military
Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical monitoring
of enemy troop movements.

Industrial & Commercial
 Numerous industrial and commercial applications:

 Agricultural Crop Conditions
 Inventory Tracking
 In-Process Parts Tracking
 Automated Problem Reporting
 RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
 Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring

Traffic Management &
Monitoring
 Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:
 Handle Accidents
 Handle Thefts
Sensors embedded
in the roads to:
–Monitor traffic flows
–Provide real-time
route
23 updates Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
What are motes?
Motes mainly consist of three parts:-
 Mote basically consists of a low cost and power
computer.
 The computer monitors one or more sensors.
Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound,
position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight,
pressure, humidity, etc.
 The computer connects to the outside world with a
radio link.

Mica 2 Motes
 These motes sold by Crossbow were
originally developed at the University of
California Berkeley.
 The MICA2 motes are based on the
ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The
motes run using TinyOS as the operating
system. MICA 2 MOTE
 Mica2 mote is one of the most popular Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Produc

and commercially available sensors which t_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datashee
are marketed by CrossBow technologies. t.pdf

Telosb Motes
 Telosb motes have USB programming capability
 An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with
integrated antenna, a low-power MCU
 There are also equipped with extended memory and an
optional sensor suite

TELOSB MOTE
Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG

One Example Sensor Board -
MTS310

One More Example of Sensor Board
- MTS400/420
 Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly adds
GPS functionality
 Further Reading
 http://firebug.sourceforge.net/gps_tests.htm
Hardware Setup Overview

Programming Board (MIB520)

One Proposed WSN Functional
Layer Decomposition
 Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

Architecture to Build WSN
Applications
 Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

References
1. Eschenauer, L., and V. Gligor, “A Key-Management Scheme for Distributed Sensor Networks,”
Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS),
Washington DC, pp. 41-47, 2002
2. http://www.xbow.com/products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf
3. http://www.ece.osu.edu/~bibyk/ee582/telosMote.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Sensor_Networks
5. http://arri.uta.edu/acs/networks/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf
6. http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/papers/jhill-thesis.pdf
7. http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf
8. www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
9. http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
10. http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
11. http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
12. www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
13. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm

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Introduction to

Wireless Sensor Networks

1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

2 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Hardware Setup Overview

3 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

5 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

6 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

The applications can be divided in three

* Classification due to Culler, Estrin, Srivastava

7 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Environmental and Habitat Monitoring

 Indoor Climate Control

8 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

• Precision agriculture aims at

9 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Urban terrain mapping

10 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Intel fabrication plants

11 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Manufacturing Process Flows

12 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 The ZebraNet Project

Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University

13 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme

14 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

15 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

16 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

17 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

19 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

20 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

21 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Numerous industrial and commercial applications:

22 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

24 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Mica2 mote is one of the most popular Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Produc

25 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

26 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

27 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

28 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

30 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

31 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

32 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation

34 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

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