Sensory and Motor Mechanisms: Powerpoint Lectures For
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms: Powerpoint Lectures For
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms: Powerpoint Lectures For
Figure 49.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Both of these organisms
– Have complex sensory systems that facilitate
their survival
• Exteroreceptors
– Detect stimuli coming from the outside of the
body
• Interoreceptors
– Detect internal stimuli
Weak Strong
Muscle
muscle stretch muscle stretch
Dendrites
–50 Receptor potential –50
potential (mV)
–70 –70
Membrane
Stretch
receptor Action potentials
0 0
Axon
–70 –70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 01 2 3 4 5 67
Time (sec) Time (sec)
(a) Crayfish stretch receptors have dendrites stretch, producing a receptor potential in the receptor. A stronger stretch produces
embedded in abdominal muscles. When the stretch receptor. The receptor potential triggers a larger receptor potential and higher
abdomen bends, muscles and dendrites action potentials in the axon of the stretch requency of action potentials.
Figure 49.2a
potential (mV)
potential (mV)
potential (mV)
Membrane
–70
Membrane
–70 –70
Membrane
Action potentials
0 0 0
(b) Vertebrate hair cells have specialized cilia with a sensory neuron, which conducts action of action potentials in the sensory neuron.
or microvilli (“hairs”) that bend when sur- potentials to the CNS. Bending in one direction Bending in the other direction has the opposite
rounding fluid moves. Each hair cell releases depolarizes the hair cell, causing it to release effects. Thus, hair cells respond to the direction
an excitatory neurotransmitter at a synapse more neurotransmitter and increasing frequency of motion as well as to its strength and speed.s
Figure 49.2b
– Chemoreceptors
– Electromagnetic receptors
– Thermoreceptors
– Pain receptors
Epidermis
Dermis
Figure 49.5a
(a) This rattlesnake and other pit vipers have a pair of infrared receptors,
one between each eye and nostril. The organs are sensitive enough
to detect the infrared radiation emitted by a warm mouse a meter away.
The snake moves its head from side to side until the radiation is detected
equally by the two receptors, indicating that the mouse is straight ahead.
Figure 49.5b
(b) Some migrating animals, such as these beluga whales, apparently
sense Earth’s magnetic field and use the information, along with
other cues, for orientation.
Ciliated
receptor cells
Statolith Cilia
Tympanic
membrane
Figure 49.7
1 mm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals
• In most terrestrial vertebrates
– The sensory organs for hearing and
equilibrium are closely associated in the ear
Incus
Skull Semicircular
bones canals
Stapes
Middle
Outer ear ear Inner ear Malleus
Auditory nerve,
to brain
Pinna
Tympanic
membrane
Cochlea
Eustachian
Auditory tube
canal
Oval Eustachian
Tympanic window tube
Hair cells Tectorial
membrane
membrane Round
window
Cochlear duct
Bone
Vestibular canal
Auditory nerve
Basilar Axons of To auditory
membrane sensory neurons nerve Tympanic canal
Organ of Corti
Figure 49.8 4 The organ of Corti 3 The cochlea
Cochlea
Stapes Axons of
sensory
neurons
Oval
window Vestibular
canal Perilymph Apex
Base
Round Tympanic
window canal Basilar
Figure 49.9 membrane
500 Hz
1 kHz (low pitch)
2 kHz
4 kHz
8 kHz
Cupula
Hairs
Hair
cell
Vestibule Nerve
fibers
Utricle Body movement
Saccule
Figure 49.11 The utricle and saccule tell the brain which The hairs of the hair cells Bending of the hairs increases the
way is up and inform it of the body’s project into a gelatinous cap frequency of action potentials in
position or linear acceleration. called the cupula. sensory neurons in direct
proportion to the amount of
rotational acceleration.
Opening of lateral
Lateral line canal
Scale line canal
Epidermis Neuromast
Cupula
Sensory
hairs
Supporting cell Hair cell
To voltage
recorder
30
CONCLUSION Any natural food probably stimulates multiple chemoreceptors. By
integrating sensations, the insect’s brain can apparently distinguish a very large
number of tastes. 10
0
0.5 M Meat 0.5 M Honey
NaCl Sucrose
Figure 49.13 Stimulus
Taste bud
Sensory
receptor
cells
Tongue Sensory
neuron
ATP
cAMP
Protein
kinase A 3 Activated protein kinase A closes K+ channels in
the membrane.
SENSORY
K+
RECEPTOR 4 The decrease in the membrane’s permeability to
CELL Synaptic K+ depolarizes the membrane.
vesicle
—Ca2+
Nasal cavity
Bone
Epithelial cell
Odorant
receptors Chemoreceptor
Plasma
membrane Cilia
Photoreceptor
Nerve to
Visual pigment brain
Screening
Ocellus pigment
2 mm
(b) The cornea and crystalline cone of
each ommatidium function as Cornea
a lens that focuses light on the
rhabdom, a stack of pigmented
plates inside a circle of Crystalline Lens
photoreceptors. The rhabdom cone
traps light and guides it to
photoreceptors. The image
formed by a compound eye is a
mosaic of dots produced by different Rhabdom
intensities of light entering the
many ommatidia from different angles. Photoreceptor
Axons
Figure 49.17a–b
Ommatidium
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• Single-lens eyes
– Are found in some jellies, polychaetes, spiders,
and many molluscs
– Work on a camera-like principle
Retina
Ciliary body
Fovea (center
Suspensory of visual field)
ligament
Cornea
Iris
Optic
Pupil nerve
Aqueous
humor
Lens
Vitreous humor
Central artery and
vein of the retina
Optic disk
Figure 49.18 (blind spot)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Humans and other mammals
– Focus light by changing the shape of the lens
Front view of lens
Ciliary muscles contract, pulling and ciliary muscle
border of choroid toward lens Lens (rounder)
Choroid
Ciliary
muscle
Suspensory ligaments
pull against lens
Outer
segment
H
H C O
H CH3
C CH3 H3C C H
H2C C H H C
H2C C C C C
Disks
C C C C H
CH3 H CH3 H
cis isomer
Cell body Inside
of disk
Light Enzymes
Synaptic
terminal H
H CH3
C CH3
H2C C H H H H
H2C C C C C C O
C C C C C C
H
Cytosol CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3
Light EXTRACELLULAR
INSIDE OF DISK
FLUID
Active rhodopsin PDE
Membrane
potential (mV)
Plasma
CYTOSOL
membrane 0
Dark Light
cGMP
Inactive rhodopsin Transducin Disk membrane
– 40
GMP
Na+ – Hyper-
– 70 polarization
2 Active
1 Light 3 Transducin 4 Activated PDE
rhodopsin Time
isomerizes activates the detaches cyclic
in turn
retinal, which enzyme guanosine
activates a G 5 The Na+ channels
activates phos- monophosphate
protein close when cGMP
rhodopsin. phodiesterae (cGMP) from
called detaches. The
(PDE). Na+ channels in
transducin. membrane’s
the plasma
membrane by permeability to
Na+ Na+ decreases,
hydrolyzing
cGMP to GMP. and the rod
hyperpolarizes.
Figure 49.21
Glutamate No glutamate
released released
To
brain
Retina
Photoreceptors
Neurons
Cone Rod
Amacrine
cell Horizontal
Optic cell
nerve Pigmented
Figure 49.23 fibers
Ganglion
cell
Bipolar
cell epithelium
Left Right
eye eye
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Primary
Figure 49.24 visual cortex
Bristles Head
• Exoskeletons
– Are found in most molluscs and arthropods
• Endoskeletons
– Are found in sponges, echinoderms, and
chordates
Sternum
Rib 1 Ball-and-socket joints, where the humerus contacts
2 the shoulder girdle and where the femur contacts the
Humerus
Phalanges
Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur 2 Hinge joints, such as between the humerus and
Patella the head of the ulna, restrict movement to a single
plane.
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Tarsals Radius
Figure 49.26 Metatarsals
Phalanges 3 Pivot joints allow us to rotate our forearm at the
elbow and to move our head from side to side.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Physical Support on Land
• In addition to the skeleton
– Muscles and tendons help support large land
vertebrates
Flexor
muscle
Triceps Forearm contracts
relaxes flexes
Extensor
Biceps muscle Tibia
relaxes contracts extends
Forearm
extends Flexor
muscle
Triceps relaxes
Figure 49.27 contracts
smaller units
Bundle of
muscle fibers
Nuclei
Light
band Dark band
Sarcomere
TEM 0.5 µm
I band A band I band
M line
Thick
filaments
(myosin)
Thin
filaments
Figure 49.28 (actin)
• A muscle fiber
– Is itself a bundle of smaller myofibrils arranged
longitudinally
Myosin-
binding site
Synaptic
terminal
T tubule
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum Ca2+ released
from sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Plasma membrane
Figure 49.32 of muscle fiber
3 Action potential
triggers Ca2+
release from sarco-
Ca2+ plasmic reticulum
(SR).
6 Cytosolic Ca is
2+
removed by active
ADP transport into
P2 SR after action
potential ends.
Nerve
Motor neuron
cell body
Motor neuron
axon
Muscle
Muscle fibers
Summation of
two twitches
Single
twitch
Time
Action
potential Pair of
Series of action
action
potentials at
potentials
high frequency
Figure 49.35
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tetanus is a state of smooth and sustained
contraction
– Produced when motor neurons deliver a volley
of action potentials
• Locomotion
– Is active travel from place to place
Figure 49.36
RESULTS This graph compares the energy cost, in joules per kilogram of
body mass per meter traveled, for animals specialized for running, flying, and
swimming (1 J = 0.24 cal). Notice that both axes are plotted on logarithmic scales.
CONCLUSION 10 2
10–1 Swimming