Chapter 22

Chapter 22
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Darwin Introduces a Revolutionary Theory A new era of biology began on November 24, 1859
The day Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
The Origin of Species

Focused biologists attention on the great diversity of organisms
Figure 22.1
Darwin made two major points in his book

He presented evidence that the many species of organisms presently inhabiting the Earth are descendants of ancestral species He proposed a mechanism for the evolutionary process, natural selection
Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species In order to understand why Darwins ideas were revolutionary
We need to examine his views in the context of other Western ideas about Earth and its life
The historical context of Darwins life and ideas

Linnaeus (classification) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lamarck (species can change) Malthus (population limits) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, nutural selection) Mendel (inheritance) American Revolution 1750 Wallace (evolution, natural selection) French Revolution U.S. Civil War 1800 1850 1900 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1798 Malthus publishes Essay on the Principle of Population. 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 18311836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species. 1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin. 1859 The Origin of Species is published. 1865 Mendel publishes inheritance papers.
Figure 22.2
Resistance to the Idea of Evolution The Origin of Species

Shook the deepest roots of Western culture Challenged a worldview that had been prevalent for centuries
The Scale of Nature and Classification of Species The Greek philosopher Aristotle
Viewed species as fixed and unchanging
The Old Testament of the Bible

Holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect
Carolus Linnaeus
Interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose Was a founder of taxonomy, classifying lifes diversity for the greater glory of God
Fossils, Cuvier, and Catastrophism The study of fossils

Helped to lay the groundwork for Darwins ideas
Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past

Usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata
Figure 22.3
Paleontology, the study of fossils

Was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier
Cuvier opposed the idea of gradual evolutionary change

And instead advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe
Theories of Gradualism Gradualism

Is the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes
Geologists Hutton and Lyell

Perceived that changes in Earths surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today Exerted a strong influence on Darwins thinking
Lamarcks Theory of Evolution Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve

Through use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired traits But the mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence
Figure 22.4
Concept 22.2: In The Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that species change through natural selection As the 19th century dawned
It was generally believed that species had remained unchanged since their creation, but a major change would challenge this thinking
Darwins Research As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin

Had a consuming interest in nature
Soon after Darwin received his B.A. degree

He was accepted on board the HMS Beagle, which was about to embark on a voyage around the world
The Voyage of the Beagle During his travels on the Beagle

Darwin observed and collected many specimens of South American plants and animals
Darwin observed various adaptations of plants and animals

That inhabited many diverse environments
Darwins interest in the geographic distribution of species

Was kindled by the Beagles stop at the Galpagos Islands near the equator west of South America
England NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN Galpagos Islands SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA HMS Beagle in port EUROPE
Darwin in 1840, after his return
Andes
Cape of Good Hope Cape Horn Tasmania New Zealand
Figure 22.5
Tierra del Fuego
Darwins Focus on Adaptation As Darwin reassessed all that he had observed during the voyage of the Beagle
He began to perceive adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes
From studies made years after Darwins voyage

Biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galpagos finches
(a)
Cactus eater. The long, sharp beak of the cactus ground finch (Geospiza scandens) helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp.
(c)
Seed eater. The large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) has a large beak adapted for cracking seeds that fall from plants to the ground.
Figure 22.6ac
(b) Insect eater. The green warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) uses its narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects.
In 1844, Darwin wrote a long essay on the origin of species and natural selection
But he was reluctant to introduce his theory publicly, anticipating the uproar it would cause
In June 1858 Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace

Who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwins
Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species

And published it the next year
The Origin of Species Darwin developed two main ideas

Evolution explains lifes unity and diversity Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution
Descent with Modification The phrase descent with modification

Summarized Darwins perception of the unity of life States that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past
In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree
With multiple branchings from a common trunk to the tips of the youngest twigs that represent the diversity of living organisms
Years ago
Sirenia Hyracoidea (Manatees (Hyraxes) and relatives)

Deinotherium Mammuthus Stegodon Mammut
Elephas Loxodonta Loxodonta maximus africana cyclotis (Africa) (Asia) (Africa)
Millions of years ago
Moeritherium
Barytherium
Figure 22.7
Platybelodon
Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr

Has dissected the logic of Darwins theory into three inferences based on five observations
Observation #1: For any species, population sizes would increase exponentially
If all individuals that are born reproduced successfully
Figure 22.8
Observation #2: Nonetheless, populations tend to be stable in size

Except for seasonal fluctuations
Observation #3: Resources are limited Inference #1: Production of more individuals than the environment can support
Leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving
Observation #4: Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics

No two individuals are exactly alike
Figure 22.9
Observation #5: Much of this variation is heritable Inference #2: Survival depends in part on inherited traits
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a high probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave more offspring than other individuals
Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce

Will lead to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations
Artificial Selection In the process of artificial selection

Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
Terminal bud Cabbage Lateral buds Brussels sprouts
Flower cluster Cauliflower
Leaves
Kale
Flower and stems Broccoli Wild mustard
Stem Kohlrabi
Figure 22.10
Summary of Natural Selection Natural selection is differential success in reproduction

That results from the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment
Natural selection can produce an increase over time
In the adaptation of organisms to their environment

(a) A flower mantid in Malaysia
(b) A stick mantid in Africa
Figure 22.11
If an environment changes over time

Natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions
Concept 22.3: Darwins theory explains a wide range of observations Darwins theory of evolution
Continues to be tested by how effectively it can account for additional observations and experimental outcomes
Natural Selection in Action Two examples

Provide evidence for natural selection
Differential Predation in Guppy Populations Researchers have observed natural selection

Leading to adaptive evolution in guppy populations
EXPERIMENT Reznick and Endler transplanted guppies from pike-cichlid pools to killifish pools and measured the average age and size of guppies at maturity over an 11-year period (30 to 60 generations). Pools with killifish, but not guppies prior to transplant Experimental transplant of guppies
Predator: Killifish; preys mainly on small guppies Guppies: Larger at sexual maturity than those in pike-cichlid pools
Predator: Pike-cichlid; preys mainly on large guppies Guppies: Smaller at sexual maturity than those in killifish pools
Figure 22.12
After 11 years, the average size and age at maturity of guppies in the transplanted populations increased compared to those of guppies in control populations. Weight of guppies at maturity (mg) Age of guppies at maturity (days)
RESULTS
185.6 161.5
85.7 92.3 48.5 58.2
Control Population: Guppies from pools with pike-cichlids as predators Experimental Population: Guppies transplanted to pools with killifish as predators
67.5 76.1
Males
Females
Males
Females
CONCLUSION Reznick and Endler concluded that the change in predator resulted in different variations in the population (larger size and faster maturation) being favored. Over a relatively short time, this altered selection pressure resulted in an observable evolutionary change in the experimental population.
The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV In humans, the use of drugs

Selects for pathogens that through chance mutations are resistant to the drugs effects
Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution
Researchers have developed numerous drugs to combat HIV

But using these medications selects for viruses resistant to the drugs
Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC
Patient No. 1 Patient No. 2
Patient No. 3
Weeks
Figure 22.13
The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly

Poses a challenge to our society
Homology, Biogeography, and the Fossil Record Evolutionary theory

Provides a cohesive explanation for many kinds of observations
Homology Homology
Is similarity resulting from common ancestry
Anatomical Homologies Homologous structures between organisms

Are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Figure 22.14
Comparative embryology
Reveals additional anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms
Pharyngeal pouches
Post-anal tail
Chick embryo Figure 22.15

Human embryo
Vestigial organs
Are some of the most intriguing homologous structures Are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organisms ancestors
Molecular Homologies Biologists also observe homologies among organisms at the molecular level
Such as genes that are shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor
Homologies and the Tree of Life The Darwinian concept of an evolutionary tree of life
Can explain the homologies that researchers have observed
Anatomical resemblances among species

Are generally reflected in their molecules, their genes, and their gene products
Species Human Rhesus monkey Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide 100%
95%
Mouse
87%
Chicken
69%
Frog
54%
Figure 22.16
Lamprey
14%
Biogeography Darwins observations of the geographic distribution of species, biogeography

Formed an important part of his theory of evolution
Some similar mammals that have adapted to similar environments

Have evolved independently from different ancestors
Sugar glider
NORTH AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
Flying squirrel
Figure 22.17
The Fossil Record The succession of forms observed in the fossil record
Is consistent with other inferences about the major branches of descent in the tree of life
The Darwinian view of life

Predicts that evolutionary transitions should leave signs in the fossil record
Paleontologists
Have discovered fossils of many such transitional forms
Figure 22.18
What Is Theoretical about the Darwinian View of Life?
In science, a theory
Accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena
Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

Integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions

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Chapter 22

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Origin of Species

Darwin made two major points in his book

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The historical context of Darwins life and ideas

Resistance to the Idea of Evolution The Origin of Species

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Old Testament of the Bible

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fossils, Cuvier, and Catastrophism The study of fossils

Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past

Paleontology, the study of fossils

Cuvier opposed the idea of gradual evolutionary change

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Theories of Gradualism Gradualism

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Geologists Hutton and Lyell

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lamarcks Theory of Evolution Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Darwins Research As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin

Soon after Darwin received his B.A. degree

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Voyage of the Beagle During his travels on the Beagle

Darwin observed various adaptations of plants and animals

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Darwins interest in the geographic distribution of species

Darwin in 1840, after his return

Cape of Good Hope Cape Horn Tasmania New Zealand

Tierra del Fuego

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

From studies made years after Darwins voyage

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

In June 1858 Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace

Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species

And published it the next year

The Origin of Species Darwin developed two main ideas

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Descent with Modification The phrase descent with modification

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree

Sirenia Hyracoidea (Manatees (Hyraxes) and relatives)

Elephas Loxodonta Loxodonta maximus africana cyclotis (Africa) (Asia) (Africa)

Millions of years ago

Natural Selection and Adaptation Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Observation #2: Nonetheless, populations tend to be stable in size

Observation #4: Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Artificial Selection In the process of artificial selection

Flower cluster Cauliflower