PP5 Inheritance and Genetics

PP5: Inheritance and
genetics
Year 10 Science
What influences you?
 Two influences make you what you are at this moment:
heredity and environment.
 Heredity is the set of characteristics that you inherited
from your parents.
 Environment is the set of factors that have acted on you
throughout your life.
 Sometimes it is difficult to determine where the influences
of heredity end and environmental influences begin.
 Genetics is the study of heredity and attempts to provide
some answers to this question.
Genes and heredity
 A gene is a small length of DNA that codes for a particular
characteristic
 Eg Eye color, hair color, freckles, nose shape
 A gene will always have the same location (called the locus)
on a given chromosome
 As chromosomes exist in pairs, the genes too exist in pairs –
one each from mum and dad
 The matching pairs of
chromosomes are called
homologous chromosomes
Alleles
 Note that there are alternatives in characteristics, (Eg:
Blue/brown eyes)
 These alternatives are called alleles
 One allele comes from the mother and the other from the
father
 The child may have two of the same, or two different alleles
 What the child will look like will depend on what
combination of alleles he/she inherits
Both the same, or one of each
 Ifa person carries two of the same alleles Eg Blue
eyes/Blue eyes, they are said to be homozygous
for that trait
 Ifa person carries one of each type of allele for a

particular trait Eg Blue eyes/Brown eyes, they are
said to be heterozygous for that trait
Gene example
 There is a gene for tongue rolling
 The two alleles are;
T t
(tongue rolling) (non-tongue rolling)
Genotype
 Genotype - The actual genes we have
Example: TT
(two genes for tongue rolling)

Phenotype
 Phenotype – The genetic trait that we
observe
Example: Tongue roller

Dominant & Recessive
 Most gene pairs exist with one of the pair dominant over the
other. If present, it determines the phenotype.
 The allele that is dominated over is called the recessive gene
Eg: Genotype Tt
Tongue rolling (T) is dominant over non-tongue rolling (t)
Phenotype is a tongue roller.

Note: The dominant allele is in bold
Genetic outcomes
 We know one gene of a pair comes from father and
the other comes from mother
Example: TT x tt
(father) (mother)
↓
Tt
(child)
Letters to show alleles
 Use code letters for alleles
 Any letter can be used, but the same letter to show alleles
of the one trait
 Use the capital letter to show which is the dominant allele
D = dark hair gene
d = light hair gene

Genotype
 Three possible genotypes
 DD
 Dd
 dd
Phenotype
 Ifwe ignore the environment . . .
 Two possible phenotypes
 DD = Dark hair
 Dd = Dark hair
 dd = Light hair
Phenotype
 Ifwe ignore the environment . . .
 Two possible phenotypes
 DD = Dark hair
 Dd = Dark hair
 dd = Light hair
D (Dark hair) is dominant

 d (Light hair) is recessive
In practice . . .
In practice . . .
In practice . . .
dd dd
dd
In practice . . .
D? dd
In practice . . .
dd
D?
Dd
In practice . . .
D? dd
Dd Dd
In practice . . .
dd
D?
Dd Dd Dd
In practice . . .
D? dd
Dd Dd Dd dd
In practice . . .
Dd dd
Dd Dd Dd dd
d
Tongue rolling
 Tongue rolling is dominant
 Non-tongue rolling is recessive
 Choose a pair of letters to represent the alleles

(capital letter denotes the dominant trait)
 T for tongue rolling and
t for non tongue rolling
 Lets investigate the genetic possibilities
Possible outcomes
 TT x TT
↓
Possible outcomes
 TT x TT
↓
TT
100% Tongue rollers

Possible outcomes
 TT x tt
↓
Possible outcomes
 TT x tt
↓
Tt
100% tongue rollers

Possible outcomes
 tt x tt
↓
Possible outcomes
 tt x tt
↓
tt
100% NON tongue rollers

Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
 We can use a punnet square to work it out
T t
T
t
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
T t
T TT
t
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
T t
T TT Tt
t
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
TT, Tt, Tt, tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
TT, Tt, Tt, tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
TT Tt tt
1 : 2 : 1
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
TT, Tt, Tt, tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
TT Tt tt
1 : 2 : 1
25%: 50%: 25%
Possible outcomes
 Tt x Tt
↓
TT, Tt, Tt, tt
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
TT Tt tt = Tongue rollers non rollers

1 : 2 : 1 3 : 1
25%: 50%: 25% 75% : 25%
The Monk and his peas
 Who is this dude?
 Gregor Mendel. He is the father of genetics
 An Austrian monk who had way too much time in his
monastery and grew thousands and thousands of pea
plants
 He found that they had a large amount of variation in
their appearance, and sought to find out why.
 His findings are still accepted as the basis of genetics
today
Mendel and his peas
 In one of his experiments he
took the anthers off a purple
flower. Why?
 To stop it self fertilizing!
 He then took pollen from a
white flower and fertilized
the purple flower.
 He found that 100% of the
offspring were purple.
 He then took two of the
purple offspring and crossed
them. What do you think he
found?
The pea experiment
 Mendel had no answer for this.
No one had studied
inheritance this closely before.
 He deduced that:
 Each parent contributes a piece
of information to the offspring.
 Some information was
“dominant” to the other.
 Which bits of information the
offspring got from it’s parent
was controlled by random
chance.
Explanation
First cross Purple x White Second cross Purple x Purple
H H H h
h Hh Hh H HH Hh
h Hh Hh h Hh hh
Genotype ratio Genotype ratio

100% Hh HH : Hh : hh
1 : 2 : 1
Phenotype ratio Phenotype ratio
100% purple Purple : White
3 : 1
Activity
 Lots of new words today – re read your notes and
use them to help you do the
 Worksheet “Bikini Bottom Genetics”

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PP5: Inheritance and

 Ifa person carries one of each type of allele for a

(two genes for tongue rolling)

Example: Tongue roller

Tongue rolling (T) is dominant over non-tongue rolling (t)

Phenotype is a tongue roller.

D = dark hair gene

d = light hair gene

D (Dark hair) is dominant

 Choose a pair of letters to represent the alleles

100% Tongue rollers

100% tongue rollers

100% NON tongue rollers

TT Tt tt = Tongue rollers non rollers

Genotype ratio Genotype ratio

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