Mechatronics & Mcroprocessors: Lecture Notes Unit I by Dr. Nataraja M M

Mechatronics &
Mcroprocessors
Lecture Notes
UNIT I
By
Dr. Nataraja M M
Syllabus
Introduction to Mechatronics systems
 Measurement and control systems their elements and
functions microprocessor based controllers-engine
management system, automatic camera and automatic
washing machine, Mechanical components in
mechatronics, force, friction and lubrication, materials,
mechanical behaviour of materials, mechanisms used in
mechatronics, lever and four bar mechanisms, bearing, belt,
chain, cam, slider crank, clutches etc.
What is Mechatronics
 Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical
engineering (“mecha” for mechanisms), electronic engineering
(“tronics” for electronics), and software engineering.
 The word “mechatronics” was first coined by Mr. Tetsuro

Moria, a senior engineer of a Japanese company, Yaskawa, in
1969.
Mechatronics System
Elements of Mechatronics
Why Mechatronics ?
Advantages & limitations of mechanical systems
Advantages & limitations of electronic systems
Role of computers
Measurement Characteristics
Range: Difference between the maximum and minimum value
of the sensed parameter
Resolution: The smallest change the sensor can differentiate
Accuracy: Difference between the measured value and the true

value
Precision: Ability to reproduce the results repeatedly with a
given accuracy
Sensitivity: Ratio of change in output to a unit change of the
input
Zero offset: A nonzero value output for no input
Automatic camera
I.C. Engine management system
Microprocessor based 4-stroke in IC engine
Force, Friction, and Lubrication
 The subject ‘machines in machatronics’ is that branch of engineering
and science which deals with the study of relative motion between the
various parts of a machine as well as the forces acting on them. The
knowledge of this subject is very essential for an engineer to design the
various parts of mechatronic systems. Force is an important factor as
an agent that produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy
motion. When a body does not move or tend to move, the body does
not have any friction force. Whenever a body moves or tends to move
tangentially with respect to the surface on which it rests, the
interlocking properties of the minutely projected particles due to the
surface roughness oppose the motion. This opposition force, which acts
in the opposite direction of the movement of the body, is called force of
friction or simply friction. Force and friction play an important role in
engineering, especially in mechatronic systems.
Behaviour of Materials Under Load
Stress–Strain Behaviour
The strength of a material is expressed as the stress required to cause it to
fracture. The maximum force required to break a material divided by the
original crosssectional area at the point of fracture is called the ultimate
tensile strength of the material in tension. All materials are elastic to a
certain extent. In the elastic region, the material stretches if a tensile force
is applied to it and returns to its original length on the removal of the
force. There is a limit to this elastic property in every material, which is
known as the elastic limit. If the force exceeds the elastic limit, the body
deforms. The stress corresponding to the elastic limit is called yield stress.
When the material is loaded within the elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain. The constant of proportionality is called the
modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus. Similarly, when shear stress is
divided by shear strain, the constant obtained is termed the modulus of
rigidity.
Mechanisms used in Mechatronics
Lever and Four-Bar Mechanisms
Lever mechanisms are widely used in mechatronic
systems. For even a small force, a lever should react
without any friction or addition of any other force.
Systems of levers are used to measure the weight of a
body by balancing it against gravitational force as well
as to balance the known weights by varying the lever
ratio or by a counterweight.
Clutches
Lever and Four-Bar Mechanisms
Bearings
Rotating shafts are frequently subjected to axial thrust.

Bearing surfaces such as pivot and collar bearings are
used to take the axial thrust of the rotating shaft.
Propeller shafts of ships, steam turbines, and
instruments with moving spindles are examples of
shafts which carry an axial thrust. Figure 3.15 shows
the different pivot bearings and a single flat collar
bearing.
Clutches
The principal application of the friction clutch is in the
transmission of power of shafts and machines which
must be started and stopped frequently. The force of
friction is used to start the shaft from rest and
gradually bring it up to the proper speed without
excessive slippage of the friction surface. In an
automobile, the friction clutch is used to connect the
engine to the driven shaft. Friction clutches of different
types such as disc or plate clutch (single disc or
multiple disc clutch), cone clutch, and centrifugal
clutch are commonly used.
Thank you

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Mechatronics &

 The word “mechatronics” was first coined by Mr. Tetsuro

Advantages & limitations of mechanical systems

Advantages & limitations of electronic systems

Accuracy: Difference between the measured value and the true

Rotating shafts are frequently subjected to axial thrust.

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