TM EN T: By: Atmira N.U 7 September 2015
TM EN T: By: Atmira N.U 7 September 2015
TM EN T: By: Atmira N.U 7 September 2015
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By : Atmira N.U
7th September 2015
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
Physical process:
by screening, sedimentation, filtration, flotation, absorption or adsorption or both,
and centrifugation
Chemical process:
By coagulation, absorption, oxidation-reduction, disinfection, and ion-exchange
Biological process:
By aerobic treatment, anaerobic treatment and photosynthetic process (oxidation
pond).
Wastewater Treatment Process
Source : (Asano and Levine, 1998)
Physical characteristics
A. Solid content
Quantity of Total Solid (TS)
It reflects the quantitative organic/inorganic
contents, both dissolved and suspended
component
Measurement: to dry the wastewater at 105oC
until the constant weight is achieved
Certain chemical component are evaporated
less accurate, i.e. NH4Acetate
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Measurement:
- Sensory evaluation
- Gas Chromatography (GC)
E. Turbidity
- -
- -
- - BIG
FLOCK
Dispersed by
FLOCK
electrical repulsion
Enlargement of
coagulated
particles
COAGULANT
• Metal ions can be used to destabilize the
colloidal particles
• ex : Al3+ and Fe3+
Coagulant Chemical Formula Opt. pH
Range
Aluminium sulphate (alum) Al2(SO4)3.18H20) 5.5 -8.0
Sodium alminate NaAlO2 6.0-8.5
Poly (Aluminium chloride) Aln(OH)mCl3n-m 6.0-8.5
Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H20 8.5 -11
Ferric chloride FeCl4.6H20 4.0-11
Ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3.nH20 3.5-11
PROSES KOAGULASI dan FLOKULASI
liquid treated
raw Ferric
organic wastewater
wastwater Chloride
acrylamide
coagulant
copolymer
SEDIMENTASI KIMIA
Sedimentasi yang berkaitan dengan koagulasi dan flokulasi.
Tujuan utama – menghilangkan suspended solids.
A. Bakteri
Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter,
Citromonas, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas
kemampuan
untuk
menggumpal/
membentuk flok
Lapisan lendir
PROSES BIOLOGI - MIKROORGANISME
B. Kapang
C. Protozoa
D. Ganggang/ algae
PROSES BIOLOGI
High concentration of
microorganism in reactor
A. KARBON
NITRITATION NITRATION
Nitrogen
Dinitrogen
Oksida
Nitrogen
Oksida
De-nitrifying bacteria
PROSES BIOLOGI - AEROBIK
Filter menetes/
Lumpur aktif
Trickling Filter
1. KOLAM OKSIDASI
Merupakan kolam
dengan kedalaman 1
– 1.5 meter dan
diberi alga.
limbah domestik
diuraikan oleh bakteri
Kegunaan:
aerob, alga dan sinar
Sistem jenis ini cocok digunakan
matahari. 7-14 hari pada kota kecil yang memiliki
endapan lumpur iklim tropis.
humus
(1) KOLAM OKSIDASI
Kelebihan:
a. Menggunakan metode pengolahan alami sehingga murah.
b. Pengoperasian dan perawatan yang mudah.
c. Memiliki efisiensi tinggi dalam menyisihkan BOD (Bio
Chemicals Oxygen Demand/ oksigen yg dibutuhkan untuk
menguraikan senyawa didalam air oleh microba atau micro
organisme).
Kekurangan:
a. Membutuhkan lahan yang besar.
b. Penurunan zat organik terbatas (influen + 200 mg/ l BOD, efluen
+ 50 mg/ l BOD)
c. Efisiensi tidak stabil – menurun pada malam hari – fotosintesa
terhenti
(2) LAGUN AERASI
Unit penanganan biologis
di mana kebutuhan
oksigen dipenuhi dengan
peralatan aerasi mekanik
Kelebihan :
• Suplai oksigen kontinyu
• Dapat menangani
influent dengan jumlah
banyak dan beban tinggi
(2) LAGUN AERASI
Keuntungan Kerugian
• Biaya pemeliharaan rendah • Masih membutuhkan lahan
• Effluent yang dihasilkan baik yang luas,
• Biaya instalasi awal rendah • Membutuhkan energi yang
• Tidak menimbulkan bau besar
(3) TRICKLING FILTER
KELEMAHAN :
pertumbuhan m.o dapat
menyumbat media filter
(4) LUMPUR AKTIF
Prinsip :
• Proses utama, :
bioreaktor (tangki
aerasi) dan tangki
sedimentasi.
• Bakteri hidup
berkoloni membentuk
FLOK2 dan
menyerupai lumpur Genus yang umum dijumpai adalah : Zooglea,
Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bacillus,
• Dapat menyerap dan Achromobacter, Corynebacterium, Comomonas,
Brevibacterium, dan Acinetobacter, disamping itu ada pula
mereduksi substrat mikroorganisme berfilamen,
yaitu Sphaerotilus dan Beggiatoa, Vitreoscilla yang dapat
menyebabkan sludge bulking.
Sistem Lumpur Aktif
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. BOD
Is a measure of the dissolved oxygen used by
aerobic microorganisms to decompose this
waste.
• If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the
water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria
present working to decompose this waste.
• In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due
to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high.
• As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the
water, BOD levels will begin to decline.
EUTROPHICATION
CYCLE
Releasing more Nitrate &
Organic Waste which rich in Phosphate into the pond.
Bacteria try
decompose organic
waste using Begin the new
available Oxygen eutrophication cycle
nitrate and/or phosphate
Different bacteria
ALL oxygen are used up to continue to carry on
different bacteria in trying decomposition
to decompose all of the AN-AEROBIC
reactions
waste CONDITION
• Generally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in
DO (Dissolved Oxygen) levels.
• This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is
high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen
dissolved in the water.
• If there is no organic waste present in the water, there
won't be as many bacteria present to decompose it and
thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will
tend to be higher.
• At high BOD levels, organisms such as macro
invertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved
oxygen (i.e. leeches and sludge worms) may appear and
become numerous.
• Organisms that need higher oxygen levels (i.e. caddisfly
larvae and mayfly nymphs) will NOT survive.
2. COD
It measures the equivalent amount of oxygen
required to chemically oxidize both organic and
inorganic compounds in water.
• ukuran tak langsung terhadap banyaknya oksigen
yang diperlukan untuk mengoksidasi materi
organik limbah dengan menggunakan senyawa
kalium dikromat (K2Cr2O7) atau kalium
permanganat (KMnO4) dalam pelarut asam.
BATASAN AIR LIMBAH UNTUK INDUSTRI DI
INDONESIA
Parameter Konsentrasi (mg/L)
COD 100-300
BOD 50-150
Minyak Nabati 5-10
Minyak Mineral 10-50
Zat Padatan Tersuspensi (TSS) 200-400
pH 6.0-9.0
Temperatur 38-40 oC
Amonia bebas (NH3) 1.0-5.0
Nitrat (NO3-N) 20-30
Senyawa aktif biru metilen 5-10
Sulfida (H2S) 0.05-0.10
Fenol 0.5-1.0
Sianida (CN) 0.05-0.50
NEXT WEEK : PENANGANAN LIMBAH CAIR - 2
Isi :
• Lanjutan penanganan limbah cair dengan proses biologis
secara anaerob
• Proses pengolahan limbah cair berdasarkan tahapan
pengolahannya (pre-eliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary)