Eau 2020 - Urological Trauma

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 47

EAU Guidelines on

Urological Trauma
N.D. Kitrey (Chair), N. Djakovic, P. Hallscheidt, F.E. Kuehhas,
N. Lumen, E. Serafetinidis, D.M. Sharma
Guidelines Associates: Y. Abu-Ghanem, A. Sujenthiran,
M. Waterloos

EAU reading Presentation by


RTH-FAW
UROGENITAL TRAUMA
GUIDELINES
• Renal Trauma
• Ureteral Trauma
• Bladder Trauma
• Urethral Trauma
• Genital Trauma
RENAL TRAUMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY,
ETIOLOGY
Epidemiology :
- Present in to up 5% of all trauma cases
- Most common in young males and has an overall
population incidence of 4.9 per 100,000
Etiology
- Blunt
- Penetrating
AAST renal injury grading scale
EVALUATION
• Mechanism of injury
• Vital sign
• Physical examination
• Urinalysis, Hematocrit, Baseline creatinine
IMAGING
Indications
• Visible haematuria;
• Non-visible haematuria and one episode of
hypotension;
• A history of rapid deceleration injury and/or significant
associated injuries;
• Penetrating trauma;
• Clinical signs suggesting renal trauma e.g. flank pain,
abrasions, fractured ribs, abdominal distension and/or
a mass and tenderness.
Computed tomography
• Establish the presence of the contralateral kidney
and demonstrate concurrent injuries to other
organs
• Ideally performed as a three-phase study:
1. The arterial phase assesses vascular injury and
presence of active extravasation of contrast;
2. The nephrographic phase optimally demonstrates
parenchymal contusions and lacerations;
3. the delayed phase imaging (5 minutes) identifies
collecting system/ureteric injury .
Ultrasonography (US)
• In the primary survey of a critically injured patient,
FAST is used to identify hemoperitoneum as cause
of haemorrhage and hypovolemia.

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)


• Only be performed when CT is not available
• One-shot intra-operative IVP can be used to
confirm the presence of a functioning contralateral
kidney in patients too unstable to have had pre-
operative imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Diagnostic accuracy of MRI in renal trauma is
similar to that of CT
• Impractical in acute trauma

Radionuclide scans
• It does not play a role in the immediate evaluation
• Follow-up scans can be used to identify areas of
scarring, functional loss or obstruction (long terms)
MANAGEMENT OF RENAL TRAUMA
Management of renal trauma
FOLLOW-UP
• Physical examination,
• Urinalysis,
• Diagnostic imaging,
• Blood pressure measurement, and
• Serum creatinine
COMPLICATIONS
• Early (≤ 1 month) : bleeding, infection, perinephric
abscess, sepsis, urinary fistula, hypertension,
urinary extravasation and urinoma
• Delayed : bleeding, hydronephrosis, calculus
formation, chronic pyelonephritis, hypertension,
arteriovenous fistulae (AVF), hydronephrosis and
pseudo-aneurysms
URETERAL
TRAUMA
INCIDENCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY,
AETIOLOGY
• Relatively rare
• Iatrogenic trauma is the most common cause of
ureteral injury (approximately 80%)
• Iatrogenic ureteral trauma can result from various
mechanisms: ligation or kinking with a suture,
crushing from a clamp, partial or complete
transection, thermal injury, or ischaemia from
devascularisation
• Gynaecological operations are the most common
cause of iatrogenic trauma
Incidence of ureteral injury in
various procedures
Procedure Percentage %
Gynaecological
Vaginal hysterectomy 0.02 – 0.5
Abdominal hysterectomy 0.03 – 2.0
Laparoscopic hysterectomy 0.2 – 6.0
Urogynaecological (anti-incontinence/prolapse) 1.7 – 3.0

Colorectal 0.15 – 10
Ureteroscopy
Mucosal abrasion 0.3 – 4.1
Ureteral perforation 0.2 – 2.0
Intussusception/avulsion 0 – 0.3
Radical prostatectomy
Open retropubic 0.05 – 1.6
Robot-assisted 0.05 – 0.4
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis
• External ureteral trauma usually accompanies severe abdominal
and pelvic injuries.
• Penetrating trauma is usually associated with vascular and
intestinal injuries
• Blunt trauma is associated with damage to the pelvic bones and
lumbosacral spine injuries
• Haematuria is an unreliable and poor indicator of ureteral injury
• Iatrogenic injury may be noticed during the primary procedure
• Early recognition facilitates immediate repair and provides better
outcome
DIAGNOSIS
Radiological diagnosis
• Computed tomography urography (CTU) is the
examination of choice when ureteral injuries are
suspected
• Extravasation of contrast medium in the delayed phase is
the hallmark sign of ureteral trauma
• In unclear cases, a retrograde or antegrade urography is
the optimum standard for confirmation
• Intravenous pyelography, especially one-shot IVP, is
unreliable in diagnosis, as it is negative in up to 60% of
patients
PREVENTION OF IATROGENIC
TRAUMA
• The use of prophylactic pre-operative ureteral stent
insertion assists in visualisation and palpation and is
used in complicated cases
MANAGEMENT
• Management of ureteral trauma depends on many factors
concerning the nature, severity and location of the injury.
• Immediate diagnosis of a ligation injury during an operation can
be managed by de-ligation and stent placement.
• Partial injuries can be repaired immediately with a stent or
urinary diversion by a nephrostomy tube
• Its insertion has to be weighed against potentially aggravating
the severity of the ureteral injury.
• Immediate repair of complete ureteral injury is usually
advisable.
• Injuries that are diagnosed late are usually managed first by a
nephrostomy tube or a stent
Management of ureteric
injuries
End-to-end Transuretero-ureterostomy

Uretero-calycostomy Boari
Psoas hitch Intestinal- interposition
Principles of surgical repair of ureteral
injury
BLADDER TRAUMA
Bladder trauma
Classification:
• intraperitoneal,
• Extraperitoneal (associated with pelvic fractures), and
• Combined intra-extraperitoneal

Categorised by aetiology:
• non-iatrogenic (blunt and penetrating)
• iatrogenic (external and internal)
• . Intraperitoneal injury is caused by a sudden rise in intravesical
pressure of a distended bladder, secondary to a blow to the
pelvis or lower abdomen.
Diagnostic evaluation
• Absolute indications: visible haematuria and a pelvic
fracture or non-visible haematuria combined with
high-risk pelvic fracture or posterior urethral injury.
• Relatives indications:
• inability to void or inadequate urine output;
• abdominal tenderness or distension due to urinary
ascites, or signs of urinary ascites in abdominal imaging;
• uraemia and elevated creatinine level due to intra-
peritoneal re-absorption;
• entry/exit wounds at lower abdomen, perineum or
buttocks in penetrating injuries.
Diagnostic evaluation
Intra-operative signs: extravasation of urine, visible
laceration, visible bladder catheter, and blood and/or
gas in the urine bag during laparoscopy.
Internal bladder injury: fatty tissue, dark space, or
bowel.
Diagnostic evaluation
• Cystography:
• Intraperitoneal: free contrast medium in the abdomen
outlining bowel loops or abdominal viscera.
• Extraperitoneal: flame-shaped areas of contrast
extravasation in the perivesical soft tissues.
• Cystoscopy (intra-operative): visualise and localise
the lesion
Management
Urethral Trauma
• Anterior urethra are caused by straddle injuries,
trauma during sexual intercourse, penetrating
trauma and from iatrogenic trauma e.g. endoscopic
instruments, catheterisation.
• Pelvic fractures are the predominant cause of male
posterior and female urethral injury.
Diagnostic Evaluation
• Blood at the external urethral meatus
• Inability to void
• pain on urination
• high-riding prostate
• Penile and scrotal swelling and haematoma
• Retrograde urethrography is the standard in the
early evaluation
Urethrogram demonstrating
Urethrogram demonstrating
partial urethral disruption
complete urethral disruption
Management
Management
Genital Trauma
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Patient history and physical examination
• In genital trauma, a urinalysis should be performed.
The presence of visible haematuria requires a
retrograde urethrogram in males.
• In females, flexible or rigid cystoscopy is
recommended to exclude urethral and bladder
injury
• In women with genital injuries and blood at the
vaginal introitus, further gynaecological
investigation is needed
Evaluation and Management
Cont.
TERIMA KASIH

You might also like