Computer Organization & Architecture (It-209)

COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION &
ARCHITECTURE (IT-209)
IT – 209 LECTURE-1 3/8/2009 1

What is this Course About?
This course is about the structure and design of

digital computers. This is commonly called
“computer architecture” – which is instruction set
architecture + hardware organization.
2
Functions of a Computer
Data Processing
Data Movement (Input/Output)
Together: Input-Process-Output model
Data Storage
Control of all these functions
Function
All computer functions are:
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control
Functional view
Functions performed by a Computer
Data Movement Device


Data Storage and
Retrieval

Data Storage and
Retrieval
Data Processing
 From/To storage

Data Storage and
Retrieval
Data Processing
 From/To storage
 From Storage to I/O
 From I/O to Storage
Hardware Components
Functional Components
Von Neumann Architecture
Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Control Arithmetic
Input Output
Unit Logic Unit
Registers
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
Converting Source into
Executable Files
COPYRIGHT 1998 MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Anatomy of an Object File
References that must change Compilation information
if the program is moved to allow mapping of
Machine Code addresses to source code.
in memory.
Size and position

of other pieces. Associate addresses
Binary Data with external label.
Representation. Unresolved references.
The Concept of a Computer
Application software
Systems software
User Hardware
Operating system
compiler
assembler
Programs user
writes and runs
Execution Cycle
Instruction Obtain instruction from program storage
Fetch
Instruction Determine required actions and instruction size

Decode
Operand Locate and obtain operand data

Fetch
Execute Compute result value or status
Result Deposit results in storage for later use

Store
Next
Determine successor instruction
Instruction
Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA)
A set of assembly language instructions (ISA) provides a
link between software and hardware.
Given an instruction set, software programmers and
hardware engineers work more or less independently.
ISA is designed to extract the most performance out of
the available hardware technology.
Application
Instruction
software
Systems software
Software Hardware
set
Hardware
ISA
Defines registers
Defines data transfer modes between
registers, memory and I/O
Types of ISA: RISC, CISC, VLIW, Superscalar
Examples:
 IBM370/X86/Pentium/K6 (CISC)
 PowerPC (Superscalar)
 Alpha (Superscalar)
 MIPS (RISC and Superscalar)
 Sparc (RISC), UltraSparc (Superscalar)
Architecture & Organization
Architecture is those attributes visible to the

programmer
 Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing

techniques.
 e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented

 Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?

Computer Architecture
Architecture: System attributes that
have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program
Architecture is visible to a
programmer:
 Instruction set
 Data representation
 I/O mechanisms
 Memory addressing
Computer Organization
Organization: Physical details that are
transparent to a programmer, such as
 Hardware implementation of an
instruction
 Control signals
 Memory technology used
.
Computer Architecture ….
Input/Output and Storage
Disks, WORM, Tape RAID
Emerging Technologies
DRAM Interleaving
Bus protocols
Coherence,
Memory L2 Cache Bandwidth,
Hierarchy Latency
L1 Cache Addressing,
VLSI Protection,
Instruction Set Architecture Exception Handling
Pipelining, Hazard Resolution, Pipelining and Instruction

Superscalar, Reordering, Level Parallelism
Prediction, Speculation,
Vector, DSP
Understanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation
methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century
Parallelism
Technology Programming
Languages
Applications
Computer Architecture: Interface Design
• Instruction Set Design (ISA)
• Organization
• Hardware
Operating Measurement &

Systems Evaluation History
Computer Engineering
Methodology
Evaluate Existing
Implementation
Systems for
Complexity
Bottlenecks
Benchmarks
Technology
Trends
Implement Next Simulate New
Generation System Designs and
Organizations
Workloads

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COMPUTER

IT – 209 LECTURE-1 3/8/2009 1

This course is about the structure and design of

Data Movement Device

Data Movement Device

Data Movement Device

Data Movement Device

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

COPYRIGHT 1998 MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Size and position

Instruction Determine required actions and instruction size

Operand Locate and obtain operand data

Execute Compute result value or status

Result Deposit results in storage for later use

Architecture is those attributes visible to the

representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing

Organization is how features are implemented

done by repeated addition?

Pipelining, Hazard Resolution, Pipelining and Instruction

Operating Measurement &

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