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    Measures of Position: MAT C301 Jose Rizal University

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    Ranier Factor Aguilar
    Module 6 discusses measures of position that identify where a data value falls within a data set. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, with the 25th percentile known as the first quartile. Deciles divide data into 10 equal parts. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts, with the median known as the second quartile. Examples demonstrate calculating percentiles, deciles, quartiles, and interpreting their results.

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    Measures of Position: MAT C301 Jose Rizal University

    Uploaded by

    Ranier Factor Aguilar
    482 views16 pages
    Module 6 discusses measures of position that identify where a data value falls within a data set. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, with the 25th percentile known as the first quartile. Deciles divide data into 10 equal parts. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts, with the median known as the second quartile. Examples demonstrate calculating percentiles, deciles, quartiles, and interpreting their results.

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    Module 6 discusses measures of position that identify where a data value falls within a data set. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, with the 25th percentile known as the first quartile. Deciles divide data into 10 equal parts. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts, with the median known as the second quartile. Examples demonstrate calculating percentiles, deciles, quartiles, and interpreting their results.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    482 views16 pages

    Measures of Position: MAT C301 Jose Rizal University

    Uploaded by

    Ranier Factor Aguilar
    Module 6 discusses measures of position that identify where a data value falls within a data set. Percentiles divide data into 100 equal parts, with the 25th percentile known as the first quartile. Deciles divide data into 10 equal parts. Quartiles divide data into four equal parts, with the median known as the second quartile. Examples demonstrate calculating percentiles, deciles, quartiles, and interpreting their results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Module 6

    Measures of Position
    MAT C301
    JOSE RIZAL UNIVERSITY
    INTRODUCTION

    While measures of central tendency, dispersion, and skewness are used


    often in statistics, there are other methods of characterizing or
    describing data distributions or portions that are commonly used as
    well. We will examine several of these statistical measures, some of
    which you may already know or have seen elsewhere.
    LESSON PROPER
    A measure of position is a method by which the position that a
    particular data value has within a given data set can be identified. As
    with other types of measures, there is more than one approach
    to defining such a measure.
    Percentiles
    – are measures that divide a set of ranked data into 100 equal
    parts. There are 99 percentiles.

    Percentiles are symbolized by

    and divide the distribution into 100 groups.


    Example 1
    A teacher gives a 20-point test to 10 students. The scores are shown below. Find the
    percentile rank of a score of 12.
    18, 15, 12, 6, 8, 2, 3, 5, 20, 10
    Solution:
    Arrange the data in order from lowest to highest.
    2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20
    Then substitute into the formula.

    Since there are six values below a score of 12, the solution is

    Thus, a student whose score was 12 did better than 65% of the class.
    Finding a Data Value Corresponding to a Given
    Percentile
    Example 2
    Using the scores in Example 1, find the value corresponding to the 25th
    percentile

    Solution:
    Step 1 Arrange the data in order from lowest to highest.
    2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20
    Step 2 Compute c

    Step 3 If c is not a whole number, round it up to the next whole number; in


    this case, c = 3. Start at the lowest value and count over to the third value,
    which is 5. Hence, the value 5 corresponds to the 25th percentile.
    Example 3
    Using the scores in Example 1, find the value that corresponds to the 60th percentile.

    Solution:
    Step 1 Arrange the data in order from smallest to largest.
    2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20
    Step 2 Substitute in the formula.

    Step 3 If c is a whole number, use the value halfway between the c and c + 1 values when
    counting up from the lowest value—in this case, the 6th and 7th values.

    The value halfway between 10 and 12 is 11. Find it by adding the two values and dividing
    by 2. Hence, 11 corresponds to the 60th percentile. Anyone scoring 11 would have done
    better than 60% of the class.
    Deciles
    - are measures that divide a set of ranked data into 10 equal parts. There
    are 9 deciles. They are denoted by D1, D2, etc.

    Note that D1 corresponds to P10; D2 corresponds to P20; etc. Deciles can


    be found by using the formulas given for percentiles.
    Example: Deciles
     
    The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math class.
    44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72 74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84 86 87 88 90 92
    95 96 96 98 100
     
    Find the sixth decile.
    Sixth decile = 60%
    60% = 0.6
    D6 = .6(30) = 18
    The average of the 18th and 19th items represents the 6th decile (D6).
    60% of the scores were at or below 82.
    Quartiles

    - are measures that divide a set of ranked data into 4 equal parts.

    The first quartile (Q1), also called the lower quartile, is the value of the middle
    term among the observations that are below the median; that is 25% of the
    observations are below it and 75% is above it. The first quartile equals the 25
    percentile.
    The second quartile (Q2) is equal to the median or the middle term of the whole
    distribution. 50% of the observations are smaller and 50% are larger than it. The
    second quartile equals both 50th percentile and the 5th decile.
    The third quartile(Q3), also called the upper quartile, is the value of the middle
    term among the observations that are above the median; that is 75% of the
    observations are below it and 25% above it . The third quartile equal the 75 th
    percentile
    •   The interquartile range is the difference between the third and first quartiles;
    that is, IQR=Q3 – Q1. It considers the spread only in the middle 50% of a
    distribution.

    The quartile deviation is one-half the interquartile range; that is, . This
    measure is useful whenever the median is used as a measure of central tendency,
    when data departs significantly from the normal, and for ordinal data. A low
    IQR and QD indicates less spread or variability in the middle 50% of a
    distribution.

    The midhinge is the average of the first and third quartiles; that is, . It is
    used to eliminate the influence of extreme values.
    Example 4
    The following are the scores obtained by a class of 40 students in an algebra
    quiz.
    75 60 68 33 79 58 76 53 65 67 71 59 87 78 75 88 80 76 66 69
    76 80 69 54 100 59 77 83 89 92 80 100 96 99 81 97 87 90 74 99
    a. Find the value of 15th percentiles and interpret.
    b. Find the percentile rank of score 74 and interpret.
    c. Calculate the 7th decile and interpret.
    d. Find the values of the three quartiles.
    e. Determine the interquartile range and the quartile deviation.
    f. Where do the scores of 58 and 89 lie in relation to the quartiles?
    •Solution:
     

    First, arrange the scores from lowest to highest


    33 53 54 58 59 59 60 65 66 67 68 69 69 71 74 75 75 76 76 76
    77 78 79 80 80 80 81 83 87 87 88 89 90 92 96 97 99 99 100 100
    a. The 15th percentile’s position is equal to . Therefore, . This means that
    15% of the scores are lower than 59.5 and 85% are higher than 59.5.

    b. By observation, we see that there are 14 scores less than 74. Therefore,
    the percentile rank of 74 is 36.25th . This means that 36% of the scores in
    the data set are less than 74.
    c. The 7th decile is equal to the 70th percentile: . Hence, the position of the
    70th percentile is equal to 28th. Therefore, is between the 28th and 29th
    scores and so This means that 7 out of 10 of the scores are lower than 85.
    •d. 

     
    e.

    f. By inspection, we will be able to determine that:


     58 lies in lowest 25% of the scores
     89 lies in the top 25% of the scores.

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