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    Helminthes Intro

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    Orakle mkhwanazi
    1. Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms called helminths. 2. Helminths are classified based on their body plan, with the main divisions being flatworms (Platyhelminths) and roundworms (Nemathelminths). 3. The life cycles of trematodes typically involve one or two intermediate hosts such as snails or aquatic organisms, before infecting the definitive host where they mature into adult worms.

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    Helminthes Intro

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    Orakle mkhwanazi
    162 views26 pages
    1. Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms called helminths. 2. Helminths are classified based on their body plan, with the main divisions being flatworms (Platyhelminths) and roundworms (Nemathelminths). 3. The life cycles of trematodes typically involve one or two intermediate hosts such as snails or aquatic organisms, before infecting the definitive host where they mature into adult worms.

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    1. Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms called helminths. 2. Helminths are classified based on their body plan, with the main divisions being flatworms (Platyhelminths) and roundworms (Nemathelminths). 3. The life cycles of trematodes typically involve one or two intermediate hosts such as snails or aquatic organisms, before infecting the definitive host where they mature into adult worms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    162 views26 pages

    Helminthes Intro

    Uploaded by

    Orakle mkhwanazi
    1. Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms called helminths. 2. Helminths are classified based on their body plan, with the main divisions being flatworms (Platyhelminths) and roundworms (Nemathelminths). 3. The life cycles of trematodes typically involve one or two intermediate hosts such as snails or aquatic organisms, before infecting the definitive host where they mature into adult worms.

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    of 26

    HELMINTHOLOGY

    INTRODUCTION
    • Parasitic worms are called helminths hence,
    helminthology, their study.
    • Most helminth infections come about
    following ingestion of eggs or encysted
    larvae in water or food (particularly
    vegetables that are eaten raw)
    • Others, such as hookworm and
    Strongyloides, larvae penetrate the skin
    when skin comes in contact with soil.
    INTRODUCTION
    • Helminthes do not multiply in the body. Thus,
    when 10 eggs are ingested and they all survive
    the body’s defences, then the individual will have
    10 adult worms developing from the eggs.
    • The number of worms can only increase only if
    more eggs are ingested (i.e. through re-infection).
    • This is different from Protozoa that multiply in the
    bodies of man to result in millions of parasites
    which if untreated can result to severe illness or
    death.
    INTRODUCTION
    • Prevalence of intestinal worms correlates
    with poor sanitation
    - lack of toilets and/or poor use) and
    - lack of clean water supply.
    CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS

    • Helminths belong to the Subkingdom


    METAZOA
    1. Triploblastic
    2. Possess a skin
    3. Possess a mouth of sorts
    4. Body systems mainly alimentary
    and
    reproductive
    5. Possess primitive nervous and excretory
    systems
    6. Sexes may be separate, hermaphroditism
    frequent
    CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS

    METAZOA
    SUBKINGDOM

    PLATYHELMINTHES NEMATHELMINTHES
    PHYLUM
    [Flatworms] [Roundworms]
    PLATYHEMINTHES
    • Dorso-ventrally flattened,
    • Consist of segmented and unsegmented
    members
    • Gut may or may not be present.

    • Possess no body cavity, viscera in


    gelatinous matrix
    NEMATHEMINTHES
    • Unsegmented,
    • Cylindrical,
    • Bilaterally symmetrical

    • Possess an alimentary system .

    • Possess a body cavity


    CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS

    SUBKINGDOM METAZOA

    PLATYHELMINTHES NEMATHELMINTHES
    PHYLUM
    [Flatworms] [Roundworms]

    TREMATODA CESTODA NEMATODA


    CLASS
    [Flukes] [Tapeworms] [Roundworms]
    TREMATODES
    • Unsegmented

    • Leaf-like bodies or cylindrical.

    • Generally hermaphroditic

    • Reproduction: oviparous; multiplication


    within larval forms
    CESTODES
    • Segmented

    • Body ribbon like

    • Hermaphroditic.

    • Reproduction: oviparous; sometimes


    multiplication within larval forms
    NEMATODES
    • Unsegmented
    • Possess mouth, oesophagus and anus.

    • Generally, sexes are separate


    • Reproduction: oviparous, larviparous
    TREMATODES
    • The trematode parasites of humans are
    usually grouped according to the organ
    inhabited (e.g. blood flukes, liver flukes,
    intestinal flukes and lung flukes).
    • The body of trematodes is more complex
    than in the Protozoa.
    • The bulk of the body contents are the male
    and female reproductive organs.
    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    • they are hermaphroditic,
    • dorso-ventrally flattened,
    • bilaterally symmetric
    • leaf-like body shape,
    • a body length that varies from less than 1
    mm to several centimetres, and
    • a body surface covered with a non-cellular
    integument with or without spines.
    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    • Attachment to the host is brought about by
    one or two suckers; an anterior sucker
    enclosing the mouth, and a conspicuous
    ventral sucker (acetabulum) posterior to
    the oral sucker.
    • The digestive system consists of the oral
    sucker, the pharynx, oesophagus and
    blind-ending caeca.
    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    • The excretory/osmoregulatory system is a
    protonephridial one, i.e. its flame bulbs do
    not openly communicate with the
    surrounding tissue.
    • Flame bulbs open into capillaries, and they
    in turn into larger ducts which open
    through a posterior excretory pore.
    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    • Some species, in particular the
    amphistomes (flukes with an anterior and
    terminal posterior sucker) possess, in
    addition to the protonephridial system, a
    lymphatic system of unknown function.
    GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • Most Digeneans are hermaphroditic, i.e., they possess male and
    female reproductive systems.
    • In some groups (the schistosomes) sexes are separate i.e. are
    dioecious.
    • The female reproductive system consists of :
    - an ovary,
    - an oviduct, and
    - sometimes a seminal receptacle (in which sperm from the
    copulatory partner is stored),
    - an ootype (where the egg is formed) surrounded by Mehlis' gland,
    - a yolk gland (vitellarium) which opens into the ootype or near it,
    - and the uterus in which eggs are slowly maturing
    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

    • A narrow duct, Laurer's canal, connects


    the female system near the ootype to the
    dorsal surface; it may be used to get rid of
    excess reproductive material, or as a
    vagina in some species.
    • The uterus opens through a common
    gonopore together with the male system.
    --
    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

    • The male system consists of:


    • one testis or several testes,
    • and sperm ducts which unite and widen
    terminally to form a seminal vesicle often
    enclosed in a cirrus pouch or sac.
    • It opens jointly with the female system
    through the common gonopore
    REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    TYPICAL LIFE CYCLE OF
    TREMATODE
    • Digenean trematodes have (possibly with one exception), at least one
    intermediate and one final (definitive) host
    Stages include:
    • penetration into the first intermediate host, usually a mollusc, in
    which it is transformed to a sporocyst losing its cilia;
    • in the sporocyst, which lacks a pharynx, mother rediae with a
    pharynx (but sometimes a second generation of sporocysts)
    develop, which  in turn produce many daughter rediae;
    • daughter rediae produce cercariae which leave the mollusc
    encysting either in a second intermediate host or in the environment
    to form metacercariae.
    • When ingested by the final host, they shed the cyst wall and grow
    up to the mature worm.
    EGGS
    HATCH CILIATED
    IN MIRACIDIUM
    WATER
    Eggs laid in
    INGESTED faeces/sputum/ ENTERS
    urine A SNAIL
    BY
    HUMAN 1ST
    TYPICAL LIFE CYCLE INTERMEDIATE
    HOST
    OF A TREMATODE

    ENCYST AS
    META-
    CERCARIAE IN
    AQUATIC
    PLANT OR INSIDE SNAIL
    ANIMAL HOST
    2ND CERCARIAE REDIAE SPOROCYST
    CERCARIAE
    INTERMEDIATE
    HOST
    GENERAL STRUCTURE OF EGG

    • Has an operculum
    that rips open for
    embryo to escape

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