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    Torsion & Detorsion Zoology

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    Simran Dey
    In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, the larval stages occur inside the egg and a tiny snail hatches out. As the larva develops its shell, its visceral mass starts twisting in an anticlockwise direction over 15-30 minutes to rearrange the internal organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and their openings are shifted to the anterior side. This process, called torsion, involves the visceral and pallial organs changing position by twisting 180 degrees so that openings for breathing, excretion, and reproduction are on the anterior side near the shell opening. Torsion allows the foot to retract after the head for protection.

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    Torsion & Detorsion Zoology

    Uploaded by

    Simran Dey
    270 views2 pages
    In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, the larval stages occur inside the egg and a tiny snail hatches out. As the larva develops its shell, its visceral mass starts twisting in an anticlockwise direction over 15-30 minutes to rearrange the internal organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and their openings are shifted to the anterior side. This process, called torsion, involves the visceral and pallial organs changing position by twisting 180 degrees so that openings for breathing, excretion, and reproduction are on the anterior side near the shell opening. Torsion allows the foot to retract after the head for protection.

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    Torsion & Detorsion zoology

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    In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, the larval stages occur inside the egg and a tiny snail hatches out. As the larva develops its shell, its visceral mass starts twisting in an anticlockwise direction over 15-30 minutes to rearrange the internal organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and their openings are shifted to the anterior side. This process, called torsion, involves the visceral and pallial organs changing position by twisting 180 degrees so that openings for breathing, excretion, and reproduction are on the anterior side near the shell opening. Torsion allows the foot to retract after the head for protection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    270 views2 pages

    Torsion & Detorsion Zoology

    Uploaded by

    Simran Dey
    In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, the larval stages occur inside the egg and a tiny snail hatches out. As the larva develops its shell, its visceral mass starts twisting in an anticlockwise direction over 15-30 minutes to rearrange the internal organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and their openings are shifted to the anterior side. This process, called torsion, involves the visceral and pallial organs changing position by twisting 180 degrees so that openings for breathing, excretion, and reproduction are on the anterior side near the shell opening. Torsion allows the foot to retract after the head for protection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    In freshwater and terrestrial molluscs, there is no free swimming larval stage.

    Both trochophore and veliger stages are passed inside the egg and a tiny snail
    hatches out of the egg. Early larva is symmetrical with anterior mouth and
    posterior anus and gills lie on the posterior side. As the larva develops shell its
    visceral mass starts twisting in anticlockwise direction to rearrange the visceral
    organs so that they are accommodated inside the coils of the shell and
    openings of organs are shifted to the anterior side where the shell opening lies.

    During torsion visceral and pallial organs change their position by twisting
    through 180°. Posterior mantle cavity is brought to the front position. Gills and
    kidney move from left to right side and in front which helps in breathing. In
    nervous system the two pleurovisceral connectives cross themselves into a
    figure of 8, one passing above the intestine and the other below it. Alimentary
    canal twists in the visceral mass and opens by anus on the side of the head on
    the anterior side. After torsion the foot can be withdrawn after the head.
    Ninety percent of the torsion is affected by the right retractor muscle which is
    quite prominent in the larva while the left retractor muscle is rudimentary.
    Rest of the 10% of torsion is caused by the differential growth of the visceral
    mass. Torsion takes place quickly and is completed from 15-30 minutes.

    SIGNIFICANCE OF TORSION

    As gastropod shell has only one opening, it has to serve as entrance as well as
    exit for all visceral organs. Both mouth and anus must open on the anterior
    side. Mantle cavity also must open on the anterior side for easy respiration.
    Respiratory current opposes locomotion after torsion which increases
    availability of water inside the branchial chamber. Visceral mass has to
    undergo rearrangement so that openings of kidneys, gonads and anus should
    migrate to the front side which is the only opening of the shell. The small
    chemoreceptor osphradium also migrates to the front side so that it could
    chemically analyse water current entering the mantle cavity. The bulky buccal
    mass migrates to the anterior side that provides stability during locomotion.
    Torsion allows foot to be retracted after the head for better protection of
    head.

    DETORSION

    Detorsion is reversal of torsion which takes place when during evolution shell
    is lost or a type of shell evolves that has openings on the opposite sides. In
    such situations twisting of visceral mass is not necessary. Hence, detorsion
    takes place during the larval stage and the animal again becomes bilaterally
    symmetrical. Nervous system becomes symmetrical and not twisted in the
    shape of 8. Pallial complex travels backwards. Ctenidium travels backwards or
    to the lateral side. Auricle moves behind the ventricle. Visceral loop and
    intestine become straightened.

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