Three Phase Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor
Introduction
• The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical
motor.
• Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided
by three phase induction motors because of its simple and rugged
construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, the absence of
commutator and good speed regulation.
• In three phase induction motor, the power is transferred from stator to
rotor winding through induction.
• The induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at a
speed other than the synchronous speed.
Classification
Depending on the rotor construction
• Squirrel-cage induction motor.
• Slip-ring induction motor or wound rotor induction motor.
Depending on the number of phases

• Single-phase induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
Construction
The two basic parts of an Induction motor are
Stator – Stationary part
Rotor – Rotating part
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor
The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three
main parts :
Stator frame
Stator core
Stator winding or field winding
Stator Frame
• It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor.
• Its main function is to support the stator core and the field winding.
• It acts as a covering, and it provides protection and mechanical
strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor.
• The frame is either made up of die-cast or fabricated steel.
• The frame of three phase induction motor should be strong and rigid
as the air gap length of three phase induction motor is very small.
• Otherwise, the rotor will not remain concentric with the stator, which
will give rise to an unbalanced magnetic pull
Stator Core
• The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux.
• In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated.
These laminated types of structure are made up of stamping which is
about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick.
• All the stamping are stamped together
to form stator core, which is then housed
in stator frame. The stamping is made up
of silicon steel, which helps to reduce
the hysteresis loss occurring in the motor
Stator Winding or Field Winding
• The slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase
induction motor carry three phase windings.
• The three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta
depending upon which type of starting method will be use.
Stator Winding or Field Winding
• The squirrel cage motor mostly start with star-delta starter and hence
the stator of squirrel cage motor is delta connected.
• The slip ring three-phase induction motor is start by inserting
resistances.
• So, the stator winding of slip ring induction motor can be connected
either in star or delta.
• The winding wound on the stator of three phase induction motor is
also called field winding, and when this winding is excited by three
phase ac supply, it produces a rotating magnetic field.
Squirrel Cage Rotor
• The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase induction motor is
cylindrical and have slots on its periphery.
• The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars
These aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors and
are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.
Squirrel Cage Rotor
• The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper, or
aluminum rings called the end rings.
• To provide mechanical strength, these rotor conductors are braced to
the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like
a cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor
• The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical.
• As end rings permanently short the bars, the rotor resistance is quite
small, and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars get
permanently shorted.
Squirrel Cage Rotor
• The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of Squirrel
cage three-phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence
widely used three phase induction motor.
• These motors have the advantage of adopting any number of pole
pairs.
Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
• In this type of three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same
number of poles as that of the stator, but it has less number of slots and has
fewer turns per phase of a heavier conductor.
• The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of the stator winding.
• The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor
winding are placed inside these slots.
• The three end terminals are connected together to
form a star connection. As its name indicates,
three phase slip ring induction motor consists of
slip rings connected on the same shaft as that of
the rotor
• The three ends of three-phase windings are permanently connected to
these slip rings.
• The external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes
and slip rings and hence used for speed controlling and improving the
starting torque of three phase induction motor.
• The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding.
These brushes are further connected to three phase star connected
resistances.
• At starting, the resistance is connected to the rotor circuit and is gradually
cut out as the rotor pick up its speed.
• When the motor is running the slip ring are shorted by connecting a metal
collar, which connects all slip ring together, and the brushes are also
removed.
• This reduces the wear and tear of the brushes. Due to the presence of slip
rings and brushes the rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated
therefore it is less used as compare to squirrel cage induction motor.
Advantages
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
• Its construction is very simple and rugged
• As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less
maintenance
• Its Maintenance is less.
• The power factor is higher
• The efficiency of the cage rotor is higher
Slip Ring Induction Motor

• It has high starting torque and low starting current
• Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed
Difference between Slip Ring and Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor
Slip Ring Squirrel Cage
• Slip ring or phase wound • Squirrel cage induction motor
Induction motor
• Construction is complicated due • Construction is very simple
to presence of slip ring and • The rotor consists of rotor bars
brushes which are permanently shorted
• The rotor winding is similar to with the help of end rings
the stator winding • Since the rotor bars are
• We can easily add rotor resistance permanently shorted, its not
by using slip ring and brushes possible to add external resistance
Induction Motor
• Due to presence of external • Staring torque is low and cannot
resistance high starting torque can be improved
be obtained
• Slip ring and brushes are present • Slip ring and brushes are absent
• Frequent maintenance is required • Less maintenance is required
due to presence of brushes
• The construction is complicated • The construction is simple and
and the presence of brushes and robust and it is cheap as compared
slip ring makes the motor more to slip ring induction motor
costly
Induction Motor
• This motor is rarely used only 10% • Due to its simple construction and
industry uses slip ring induction low cost. The squirrel cage
motor induction motor is widely used
• Rotor copper losses are high and • Less rotor copper losses and hence
hence less efficiency high efficiency
• Speed control by rotor resistance • Speed control by rotor resistance
method is possible
method is not possible
• Slip ring induction motor are used
where high starting torque is required • Squirrel cage induction motor is
i.e in hoists, cranes, elevator etc. used in lathes, drilling machine,
fan, blower printing machines etc
Principle of Operation
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase voltage supply, 3 phase
current will flow in the windings, which also will induced 3 phase flux in the
stator. These flux will rotate at a speed called a Synchronous Speed, n s. The flux
is called as Rotating magnetic Field.
Synchronous speed is given by the expression
Where p = is the number of poles, and

f = the frequency of supply
Principle of Operation
• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces an
induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for both
squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the rotor
windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
Slip
The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the speed of Rotating
magnetic field. The % difference of the speed is called slip.
Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
s = 0 : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s = 1 : if the rotor is stationary
s is –ve : if the rotor runs at a speed above the synchronous speed
s is +ve : if the rotor runs at a speed below the synchronous speed
Slip
Effect of slip on rotor frequency
Effect of slip on rotor induced emf.
Effect of slip on rotor resistance, reactance and impedance

Torque
The torque of a three-phase induction motor depends on the following
factors:
• Rotor current (I2)
• Power factor of the rotor circuit
• Flux which links with the rotor (φ)
Where,
or
TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
• When slip s = 0, Nr = Ns. Under this condition, the motor stops. So
the torque (T) at this value of s is zero. This shows that the torque slip
characteristics starts from the origin.
• For smaller values of slip, the torque is directly proportional to the
slip.
• For larger values of slip, the torque is inversely proportional to slip.
Torque Slip Characteristics
Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque–slip
Characteristic

Three Phase Induction Motor

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Three Phase Induction Motor

Depending on the number of phases

Slip Ring Induction Motor

Where p = is the number of poles, and

Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

Effect of slip on rotor induced emf.

Effect of slip on rotor resistance, reactance and impedance

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