Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater

Noida

Carbohydrates and derivatives

of cellulose

Unit: 1

Chemical Technology
Dr. Mansi Singh
Noida Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Greater Noida
B Tech 6th Semester Department of Chemical
Engineering

Dr. Mansi Singh KCH603 CT Unit 1

1
08/26/2020
 Content

• Course Objective
• Course Outcome
• CO-PO and PSO Mapping
• Topic-wise Objective and Outcomes
• Prerequisite and Recap
• Mono and Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Derivatives of cellulose
• Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details
• Daily Quiz
• Weekly Assignment
• MCQ s
• Old Question Papers
• Expected Questions for University Exam
• Topic Objective
• References

08/26/2020 Dr. Mansi Singh KCH603 CT Unit 1 2

 Course Objective

1. To introduce about Chemical Process Technology with reference to Indian

resources
2. To study about industries, trade and export potential, small scale industries and
rural development.
3. To understand the preparation of process flow diagrams.
4. To study about instruments with the help of their diagrams used in CPT.
5. To analyze various process symbols used in Chemical industries.

Dr. Mansi Singh KCH603 CT Unit 1

08/26/2020 3
 Course Outcome

Student will able to:

 
1. Analyze how the industries lying emphasis on process flow sheet.
2. Evaluate the process conditions used in different plants.
3. Studied the end use of products generate..
4. Understand the design aspects in Chemical Industries.
5. Analyze the material required in different industries.

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 CO-PO and PSO Mapping

Cour Program Outcomes (POs) PSOs

se 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
outco
me

1 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
5 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

3- Highly related; 2- Moderately related; 1-Slightly related

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 Topic-wise Objective and Outcomes

UNIT TOPIC OBJECTIVE OUTCOMES

Mono and To provide students Student will able to

Disaccharides with a basic understand the end use of
understanding of various carbohydrates
carbohydrates
1 Polysaccharid To provide students Student will able to
es with a basic understand the end use of
understanding of various polysaccharides
polysaccharides
Derivatives of To provide students Student will able to
cellulose with a basic understand the end use of
understanding of various polysaccharides
polysaccharides

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 Prerequisite and Recap

UNIT TOPIC PREREQUISITE RECAP

Mono and
Disaccharides

1 Polysaccharid
es Basic knowledge of organic chemistry
and unit operation

Derivatives of
cellulose

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 Introduction

Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are broadly defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and their
derivatives or as substances that yields one of these compounds
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Functional groups present include hydroxyl groups
• -ose indicates sugar

Function of Carbohydrates in Cells

• Major source of energy for the cell
• Major structural component of plant cell
• Immediate energy in the form of GLUCOSE
• Reserve or stored energy in the form of GLYCOGEN

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 Introduction

Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of subunits that make

them up

3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides

2. Oligosaccharides
•Disaccharides
•Trisaccharides
•Tetrasaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

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 Mono and Disaccharides

Monosaccharides
• Simple sugars, or the compounds which possess a free aldehyde (CHO) or ketone
(C=O) group and two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups.
• Simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller units.
• Contain a single carbon chain and are classified on the basis of number of carbon
atoms they possess, and as aldoses or ketoses depending upon their groups.

1. Glucose
2. Fructose:

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 Mono and Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides
• Compound sugars that yield 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different
monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
• An oligosaccharide yielding 2 molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis is
designated as a disaccharide, and the one yielding 3 molecules of monosaccharide
as a trisaccharide and so on.
• Disaccharides – Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Cellobiose, Trehalose, Gentiobiose,
Melibiose
• Trisaccharides – Rhamninose, Gentianose, Raffinose (= Melitose), Rabinose,
Melezitose
• Tetrasaccharides – Stachyose, Scorodose
• Pentasaccharide – Verbascose

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 Mono and Disaccharides

Disaccharides
• Composed of 2 monosaccharides
• cells can make disaccharides by joining two monosaccharides by biosynthesis.
• Glucose + fructose = sucrose
 Table sugar
 Found naturally in plants: sugar cane, sugar beets, honey, maple syrup
 Sucrose may be purified from plant sources into Brown, White and Powdered
Sugars.
• Glucose + galactose = lactose
 The primary sugar in milk and milk products.
 Many people have problems digesting large amounts of lactose (lactose
intolerance)
• Glucose + glucose = Maltose
 Produced when starch breaks down.
 Used naturally in fermentation reactions of alcohol and beer manufacturing.

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 Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides
• Containing 10 or more monosaccharide units attached together
• Examples
(a) Nutrient (or digestible) polysaccharides. These act as metabolic reserve of
monosaccharides in plants and animals, e.g., starch, glycogen and inulin.
(b) Structural (or indigestible) polysaccharides. These serve as rigid mechanical
structures in plants and animals, e.g.,cellulose, pectin and chitin and also
hyaluronic acid and chondroitin.

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 Polysaccharides

Starch
• Major digestible polysaccharide in our diet.
• Storage form of carbohydrate in plants.
• Sources: Wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, potatoes, tubers, yams, etc.
• Two types of plant starch:
1. Amylose
2. Amylopectin
• Amylose: is in the form of straight chain linked together with α- 1-4, linkages
indicating 300 – 5,500 glucose units per molecules, molecular wt range from 105 to
106. Generally it is water soluble and gives blue colour with iodine.
• Amylopectins: It contain beside straight chain several branched chains, which are
arranged in α—1-4 and β-1-6 linkage units, one molecule of amylopectin contains
50,000 to 5,00,000 glucose molecules, molecular wt. range from 107 to 108, it is
insoluble in water and gives purple colour with iodine .

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 Polysaccharides

Cellulose –
• form cell walls in plant cells
• also called fiber or roughage
• indigestible by humans

Cellulose derivatives
• Pharmaceutically used cellulose derivatives obtained by either mechanical or
chemical processing or both.
• The hydroxyl groups of cellulose can be partially or fully reacted with various
reagent to afford derivatives with useful properties.
• Pure cellulose additional treatment by HCL produced various cellulose derivatives.

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 Derivatives of cellulose

Classification

Based on solubility:- Based on chemical nature:-

Water soluble:- Cellulose ester:-

• hydroxypropylmethylcellulose •cellulose acetate
•cellulose triacetate
• hydroxyethylcellulose
•cellulose propionate
• hydroxypropylcellulose •cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose)

Water insoluble:- Cellulose ether:-

• ethyl cellulose •methyl cellulose
• cellulose acetate phthalate •ethyl cellulose
•HPC,HPMC
• HPMC phthalate
•carboxy methyl cellulose

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 Derivatives of cellulose

1. Microcrystalline cellulose
• Synonyms: Celex , cellulose gel , fibrocel.
• Empirical Formula : (C6H10O5)n n=220
• Molecular Weight : 36000
• Function Category : Adsorbent, Suspending
• agent, table diluent
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→Binder (20-90%) → Disintigrant (5-15%)
→ Antiadherent (5-20%) → Lubricant
→Diluent (20-90%)
• Description:White,Odorless, Tasteless,Crystalline power

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 Derivatives of cellulose

2. Cellulose acetate pthalate

• Synonyms: cellacephate
• Function Category : coating agent
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→used in enteric film coating material (0.5-9%)
→matrix binder for tablets and capsules
• Description: Hygroscopic, White to off White ,Free-flowing powder

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 Derivatives of cellulose

3. Cellulose acetate
• Synonyms: Acetyl cellulose
• Empirical Formula:(C6H12O7)n
• Molecular Weight: 38000
• Function Category : Extended release agent,Diluent
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→used in sustain release & taste masking
→used in transdermal drug delivery
• Description: Free flowing pellets, tasteless, slightly odour of acetic acid

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 Derivatives of cellulose

4. Hydroxy ethylcellulose
• Synonyms: cellulose hydroxy ethyl ether
• Molecular Weight: 38000
• Function Category : Suspending agent, Binder
• Coating agent, Thickening agent
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→Opthalmic & Topical formulation
→ Cosmetic preparation
• Description: Hygroscopy powder, odourless, tasteless, cream to white
colour

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 Derivatives of cellulose

5. Hydroxy propyl cellulose

• Synonyms: Hyprolose
• Molecular Weight: 50000-125000
• Function Category : Suspending agent, Binder
• Coating agent, Emulsifying agent
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→ Oral & Topical formulation
→ binder in tableting process (2-6% w/w )
→ extended drug release(15-35% w/w)
• Description: odourless, tasteless, white to slightly yellow colour.

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 Derivatives of cellulose

6. Hydroxy propyl methylcellulose

• Synonyms: Hypromellose
• Empirical Formula : C56H108O30
• Molecular Weight : 10000-1500000
• Function Category : Coating agent, Suspending
• agent, tablet binder
• Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation:
→Binder (2-5%w/w)
→Thickening agent (0.45-1%w/w)
→Emulsifier, Suspending agent
→Plastic bandage
• Description: White, Odorless, Tasteless

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 Derivatives of cellulose

7. Powder cellulose
• Synonyms: Arbocel
• Empirical Formula: (C6H10O5)n n=500
• Molecular Weight : 243000
• Function Category : Suspending agent, tablet diluent
• disintigrant
• Application in Pharmaceutical
Formulation:
→Binder (5-25%w/w)
→Disintigrant (5-15-1%w/w)
→Glident(1-2%)
→Plastic bandag
• Description: White, Odorless, Tasteless

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 Derivatives of cellulose

8. Methyl cellulose
• Synonyms:- Methocel, methyl ether
• Contain 27.5 to 31.5% of methoxy groups.
• Description :-White,powder or granules.
• Solubility:- insoluble in ether,alcohol and chloroform but soluble in glacial acetic
acid and in mix. of equal parts of alcohol and chloroform.
• Uses:- dispersing thickening emilsifying and coating agent.
9. Ethyl cellulose
• Synonyms:- Aquacoat,ethocel,surelease.
• Description :- tasteless, free flowing.
• Solubility:- insoluble in glycerin, propylene glycol, and water. soluble in
chloroform, ethanol.
• Uses:- Micro encapsulation (10-20%) Sustained release tablet coating (3-20%)
Tablet coating (1-3%)

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and
Online Courses Details

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuW3nk5EADg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeC7M9PDjQw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBNWsY8_5aM

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 Daily Quiz

1. Explain the structure and nomenclature of Monosaccharides and disaccharides

2. Differentiate between amylose and amylopectin starch
3. Describe carbohydrates and its classification with examples
4. Describe cellulose and its derivatives

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 Weekly Assignment

1. Explain the different properties of Acetic Acid, Citric Acid and Glucose?
2. Explain the process for the production of Glucose?
3. Describe the process for the production of Acetic Acid and Citric Acid?
4. Explain the end use of Acetic Acid, Citric acid and Glucose?
5. Define major engineering problems from Acetic Acid, Citric Acid and Glucose
production?

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 MCQ s

1. Carbohydrates are also known as___________

a) Hydrates of carbon
b) Carbonates
c) Glycolipids
d) Polysaccharides
2.  Class of carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolyzed further, is known as?
a) Disaccharides
b) Polysaccharides
c) Proteoglycan
d) Monosaccharide
3. Which class of carbohydrates is considered as non-sugar?
a) Monosaccharides
b) Disaccharides
c) Polysaccharides
d) Oligosaccharides

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 MCQ s

4. Which of the following glycosidic linkage found in maltose?

a) Glucose (α-1 – 2β) Fructose
b) Glucose (α1 – 4) Glucose
c) Galactose (β1 – 4) Glucose
d) Glucose (β1 – 4) Glucose
5. Which of the following is also known as invert sugar?
a) Sucrose
b) Fructose
c) Dextrose
d) Glucose
6.  Name the major storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
a) Cellulose
b) Chitin
c) Glycogen
d) Starch

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 MCQ s

7.  In carbohydrates which are the main functional groups are present?
a) Alcohol & Carboxyl groups
b) Aldehyde & Ketone groups
c) Hydroxyl groups & Hydrogen groups
d) Carboxyl groups & Others
8. Which of the following is not a disaccharide?
a) Sucrose
b) Maltose
c) Lactose
d) Galactose
9. Which sugars are present in Sucrose?
a) Fructose and glucose
b) Glucose and glucose
c) Glucose and galatose
d) Fructose and galatose

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 MCQ s

10.  Which of the following carbohydrate do not have any essential nutritional value?
a) Sucrose
b) Cellulose
c) Dextrin
d) Glycogen

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. What are the end uses of CMC

2. Write chemical and structural formula of sucrose
3. Explain the different properties of Acetic Acid, Citric Acid and Glucose?
4. Explain the process for the production of Glucose?
5. Describe the process for the production of Acetic Acid and Citric Acid?
6. Explain the end use of Acetic Acid, Citric acid and Glucose?
7. Define major engineering problems from Acetic Acid, Citric Acid and Glucose
production?

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 Topic Objective

At the end of this presentation student should have learned that

•How carbohydrates are classified?

•What are end use of different carbohydrates?
•What are end uses of different cellulose derivatives?

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 References

Ref. Books:
1. Dryden, C. E. “Outlines of Chemical Technology” (Edited and Revised by
M. Gopala Rao and M. Sittig) East West Press. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 3rd
Edition (1997).
2. Austin G. T. Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries”, 5th Edition, McGraw
Hill (1984).
3. O P Gupta, "Chemical Process Technology", Khanna Publishing House.

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 Thank You

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