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    Immunology - Chapter 19 Vaccines

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    Immunology - Chapter 19 Vaccines

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    221 views21 pages

    Immunology - Chapter 19 Vaccines

    Uploaded by

    JJHHJHi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Chapter 19

    Vaccines
    Dr. Capers
    Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne

    Kuby IMMUNOLOGY
    Sixth Edition

    Chapter 19
    Vaccines

    Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company


     Discipline of Immunology
    ○ Early roots in vaccination trials of Edward
    Jenner and Louis Pasteur

    ○ Working vaccines
     Diptheria
     Measles
     Mumps
     Poliomyelitis
     Tetanus

    Cases of polio have dramatically declined since vaccination


     Vaccines are still
    needed against
    many diseases

     Vaccines that are


    available need to be
    administered
    ○ There are people that
    are choosing not to
    vaccinate……could
    potentially create
    scary scenario in
    future
    Developing a vaccine
     Lots of research
    ○ Time consuming, costly
    ○ Idea is to isolate a component of the organism
    that proves to be immunogenic….sometimes
    not possible
     Human trials are strictly regulated
     Might have vaccine developed but there
    might be adverse side effects – can’t be
    used…
     Immunity can be achieved by active or
    passive immunization
    ○ Passive – transfer of preformed antibodies
    - Maternal antibodies to fetus
    - Antibody therapy for bites, immunodeficiency
    ○ Active – long term protection, immunologic
    memory, actual exposure
    - Coming into contact with any foreign substance
    - vaccines
     There is a chance of
    side effects in small
    # of population
    ○ That is the case with
    any treatment/drug
    ○ However, if the
    benefits to the
    population out-weigh
    the risk of side
    effects, vaccines
    must be used to
    protect the majority of
    the population
    ○ HERD IMMUNITY
    Designing Effective Vaccine
     Protective immunity must be achieved
    ○ Must pay attention to how the antigen
    activates the humoral and cell-mediated
    branches
     Must produce immunologic memory
    ○ Vaccine that produces primary response but
    fails to produce secondary response is not
    effective
    Live, Attenuated Vaccines
     Microorganisms can be attenuated so
    that they lose ability to cause significant
    disease
    ○ Retain capacity for growth in host
    ○ Bacteria is grown for prolonged period in
    adverse conditions
    - Those that survive will not be suited to grow in
    “better” conditions in host
    Live, Attenuated Vaccines
     Advantages  Disadvantages
    ○ Can grow in host ○ Possibility that it will
    therefore producing revert to virulent form
    immunologic memory  Polio – 1 in 2.4 million
    with only single chance this will happen
    vaccination ○ Complications
     Good for distribution in  Measles vaccine –
    Third World contries encephalitis
     Out of 75 million patients
    between 1970 and 1993,
    only 48 cases
    ○ Danger from remaining
    un-vaccinated and
    getting disease is much
    greater than
    complications to these
    proven vaccines
    Inactivated or “killed” vaccines
     Inactivation of pathogen by heat or
    chemical means
    ○ Not capable of replication in host
    ○ Epitopes have to be maintained after killing
    process
     Often require boosters
     Risks
    ○ Pathogen has to be grown in large #’s prior to
    inactivation – individuals involved in
    manufacturing are at risk
    Subunit Vaccines
     Purified macromolecules derived from
    pathogens
     Toxoids
    ○ Some bacteria are pathogenic because of
    exotoxins that they produce
    ○ Purify exotoxin, inactivate it with formaldehyde
    to form toxoid that can be used to immunize
     Bacterial polysaccharide capsules
     Viral glycoproteins are candidates
    ○ Little success so far
    Conjugate Vaccines
     Polysaccharide
    vaccines unable to
    activate TH cells
    ○ Activate B cells in
    thymus-independent
    manner
    ○ IgM production but no
    class switching, no
    memory
     Conjugate to protein
    carrier that is
    considerably more
    immunogenic
    DNA Vaccines

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