Chapter 20

Chapter 20
Naming Chemical Compounds
07/26/20 Physical Science

Valence Electrons
• The outermost electrons of
an atom are the ones
involved in chemical
bonding.
• The group numbers indicate
the number of valence for
groups 1,2,13-18.
• These electrons can be
transferred or shared.

Valence Electron
• valence electrons are the electrons that are

located in the outermost electron shell of an
element.
• a single electron or one of two or more
electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is
responsible for the chemical properties of the
atom

Valence Electrons

Chemical Compound
Chemical compound, any substance composed of
identical molecules consisting of atoms of
two or more chemical elements.
• Atoms of different
elements bound
together to make
compounds. This is
done so that each atom
involved may attain a
stable valence shell.
Covalent Bonding
• results from the sharing of an electron pair
between two atoms.
• A covalent bond forms when the bonded
atoms have a lower total energy than that of
widely separated atoms.

Covalent Bonding
• This type of bonding occurs when valence
electrons are shared amongst atoms.
• Typically this happens between atoms of
nonmetals.
• Covalent bonds form molecules, which are not
held together as tightly as ionic compounds.

Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bonds – Sharing Electrons
• The attraction that
forms between atoms
when they share
electrons is known as a
covalent bond.
• A neutral particle
that forms as a result
of electron sharing
is called a molecule.
Ionic Bonds
• An ionic bond is the force of attraction
between the opposite charges of the ions in
an ionic compound.
• In an ionic bond, a transfer of electrons
takes place.
• If an element loses electrons, one or
more elements must gain an equal
number of electrons to maintain the
neutral charge of the compound.
Ionic Bonding
• This type of bonding occurs when a positive
ion and a negative ion are attracted to each
other.
• Typically metals lose electrons and become
positive, and nonmetals gain electrons and
become negative.
• Positive and negative charges are attained
because the numbers of positively charged
protons and negatively charged electrons are
not balanced.

Ionic Bonding
• Ionic bonds typically form between a metal

and a nonmetal.
• However, groups of atoms can join together
into a covalent compound that has an overall
net charge – polyatomic ion.
• Polyatomic ions can be either negative or
positive.

Ionic Bonding

Chemical Bonds

Metallic Bonding
• This type of bonding occurs betweens atoms
of the same metal.
• A “sea of electrons” surrounds positively
charged nuclei.
• This allows for atoms to move around one
another, and is why metals are malleable and
ductile.
• Because of the delocalized (not attached)
electrons, metals can conduct electricity.

Metallic Bonding

Metallic Bonds

Diatomic Elements
• 7 elements on the periodic table do not exist
in nature as a single atom.
• Basically, they naturally attract in pairs of
atoms of the same element.
• These seven are: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine.

Chemical Compounds
• A chemical formula tells what

elements a compound contains
and the exact number of the
atoms of each element in a unit
of that compound.

Chemical Formulas
• A subscript
written after a
symbol tells
how many
atoms of that
element are in
a unit of the
compound.
Chemical Formulas
•If a symbol has no subscript, the unit
contains only one atom of that element.
•Example: A unit of H2O contains two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

• An atom that has lost or gained electrons is
called an ion. An ion is a charged particle
because it now has either more or fewer
electrons than protons.

Lewis Dots
• A simple convention for
showing the number of valence
electrons an atom of an
element has.
• It uses the chemical symbol and
dots to denote electrons.
• Usually there are no more than
2 electrons on any one of the
four sides.

Electron Dot Diagram
• To understand the
stability of the noble
gases, it is helpful to
look at electron dot
diagrams.
• Electron dot
diagrams show only
the electrons in the
outer energy level of
an atom.

• When atoms gain, lose, or share electrons, an
attraction forms between the atoms, pulling
them together to form a compound.
• This attraction is called a chemical bond. A
chemical bond is the force that holds atoms
together in a compound.

Binary Ionic Compounds
• The first formulas of compounds you will

write are for binary ionic compounds.
• A binary compound is one that is
composed of two elements.
• Before you can write a formula, you must
have all the needed information at your
fingertips.

• You need to know which elements are

involved and what number of electrons
they lose, gain, or share in order to become
stable.
• The relationship between an element’s
position on the periodic table and the number
of electrons it gains or loses is called the
oxidation number of an element.

• An oxidation number tells you how many

electrons an atom has gained, or shared to
become stable.
• For ionic compounds the oxidation number

is the same as the charge on the ion.
• For example, a sodium ion has a charge of
1+ and an oxidation number of 1+.

Oxidation Numbers
• The number at the top of each column is
the most common oxidation number of
elements in that group.

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers
• The elements in this table
can have more than one
oxidation number.
• When naming these
compounds, the oxidation
number is expressed in the
name with a roman
numeral. For example, the
oxidation number of iron
in iron (III) oxide is 3+.

•The Crisscross method is a method of finding out the chemical
formula of a metal and non-metal that combine to form an ionic
bond.
•To use this method, the absolute value of the oxidation number of
the first ion is used as the subscript of the second, and vice versa.
• The subscripts are then reduced by the greatest common factor.

Most important, the sum of the charges must
add up to zero in order to form a neutral
compound. The “crisscross method” is very
useful—the charge on one ion becomes the
subscript on the other. Always double-check to
see that the subscripts are in their lowest terms!
Step one - Write the symbols for the elements in the compound. Note that the
ending "ide" is used for fluoride to show that it is a negative ion of fluorine.
Barium = Ba Fluoride = F
Step two - Look up the oxidation numbers of the elements involved and
write them as superscripts to the right of the elemental symbols. Note that
when no number accompanies a charge symbol, as in the case of fluoride
below, they charge value is understood to be "1".
Barium = Ba2+ Fluoride = F-
Step three - Use the correct combination of ions to produce a compound with a
net charge of zero. In this case, (2+) + 2(-1) = 0. So, two fluoride ions will cancel
out one barium ion. Since it would take two fluoride ions (each with a charge of
negative one) to cancel out one barium ion (with a charge of plus two) we use a
subscript of two after the symbol for fluorine to show the ratio.
BaF2 Barium = Ba2+ Fluoride = F-

The Crisscross method is a method of finding out the
chemical formula of a metal and non-metal that
combine to form an ionic bond
Write the formula for a compound that is made of iron (III) and oxygen.
1. Find the oxidation numbers of each element in the compound.

•Iron (III) is a transition metal. The roman numbers indicate that it has an
oxidation number of 3+. Its formula is Fe3+.
•Oxygen is in group 18 of the periodic table and has an oxidation number of 2-. Its
formula is O2-.
2. Determine the ratios of each element and write the

chemical formula.
•If one iron (III) ion bonds with one oxygen ion, will the compound be neutral? No,
since 3+ added to 2- equals 1+. If you have two iron (III) ions for every three oxygen
ions, what happens? 2(3+) added to 3(2-) is equal to 0. This means that three
iron (III) ions bond with two oxygen ions to get a neutral compound.
The formula for a compound of iron (III) and oxygen is Fe2O3.

The simplest way to make the total of the oxidation numbers in a
formula equal zero is to use the oxidation number of one element as the
subscript of the other element.
• Identify the symbols of each part of the name
1. Calcium symbol is Ca
2. Nitride symbol is N

• Identify the charge for each
1. Calcium belongs from Group 2 which always has a +2
2. Nitride will be a single Nitrogen with a -3 charge

• Balance charge
Since Calcium is +2 and Nitride is -3 the only way to balance them is to have
three Calciums and two nitrides

• Write the symbol beginning with the symbol that is first in the name and include
the subscript after each symbol
Ca3N2

Writing Chemical Formulas
Writing Chemical formula

Make the simplest neutral Chemical formula (ignore ions)
Chemical compound compound from the ions
Sodium chloride Na+ Cl-

NaCl
Check: + 1 + -1 = 0
Mg2+ Cl-
Magnesium chloride Cl- MgCl2
Check: 2+ + 2- = 0
Al3+ Cl-
Cl-
Aluminum chloride AlCl3
Cl-
Check: 3+ + 3- = 0
Ca2+ O2-
Calcium oxide CaO
Check: 2+ + 2- = 0
Na+ O2-
Sodium oxide Na+ Na2O
Check: 2+ + 2- = 0
Li+ P3-
Li+
Lithium phosphide Li3P
Li+
Check: 3+ + 3- = 0
Al3+ O2-
Al3+ O2-
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
O2-
Check: 6+ + 6- = 0
Writing Formulas
• You can write formulas for ionic
compounds by using the following rules
in this order.
1. Write the symbol of the element or
polyatomic ion (ions containing more
than one atom) that has the positive
oxidation number or charge.

Writing Formulas
2. Write the symbol of the element or

polyatomic ion with the negative
oxidation number.
3. The charge (without the sign) of one
ion becomes the subscript of the other
ion. Reduce the subscripts to the
smallest whole numbers that retain the
ratio of ions.
Writing
Writing Formulas
Formulas and
and Naming
Naming Compounds
Compounds
Writing Names
• You can name a binary ionic compound
from its formula by using these rules.
1. Write the name of the positive ion.

Writing Names
2. (continued) Write the
charge of the positive ion
using roman numerals in
parentheses after the
ion’s name. If the ion
has only one possible
oxidation number,
proceed to step 3.

Writing Names
3. Write the root name
of the negative ion.
The root is the first
part of the element’s
name.
4. Add the ending
-ide to the root. The
table lists several
elements and their
-ide counterparts.
3. Write the root name
of the negative ion.
The root is the first
part of the element’s
name.
4. Add the ending -ide
to the root. The table
lists several elements
and their -ide
counterparts.
Writing Names
2. Check to see if the
positive ion is capable
of forming more than
one oxidation number.
If it is, determine the
oxidation number of the
ion from the formula of
the compound.

• You can name a binary ionic compound
from its formula by using these rules.
1. Write the name of the positive ion.

2. Check to see if the positive ion is
capable of forming more than one
oxidation number. If it is, determine the
oxidation number of the ion from the
formula of the compound.
Write the charge of the positive ion using
roman numerals in parentheses after the
ion’s name. If the ion has only one possible
oxidation number, proceed to step 3.

Writing Ionic Compound
Formulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation and
Ba2+ ( NO3- ) 2
anion, including CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Now balanced.

Not balanced!
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = Ba(NO3)2

subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more
than one of a polyatomic ion. Use the criss-
cross method to balance subscripts.
Formulas
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)
1. Write the formulas for the cation

and anion, including CHARGES! ( NH4+) SO42-
2
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
balanced. Not balanced!
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = (NH4)2SO4

cross method to balance the subscripts.
Formulas
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)
Fe Cl
anion, including CHARGES! 3+ -
3
Now balanced.
2. Check to see if charges are
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = FeCl3

Formulas
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)

Al3+2 S2-3
2. Check to see if charges are Now balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using

= Al2S3
Formulas
Example: Magnesium carbonate (note the 2 word name)
Mg CO
anion, including CHARGES! 2+ 2-
3
2. Check to see if charges are
They are balanced!
balanced.
= MgCO3
Formulas
Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
Zn2+ ( OH- )2
2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Now balanced.

Not balanced!
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using

= Zn(OH)2
Formulas
Example: Aluminum phosphate (note the 2 word name)
Al3+ PO43-
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.

They ARE balanced!
= AlPO4

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Naming Chemical Compounds

07/26/20 Physical Science

07/26/20 Physical Science

• valence electrons are the electrons that are

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07/26/20 Physical Science

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• Ionic bonds typically form between a metal

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• A chemical formula tells what

07/26/20 Physical Science

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• The first formulas of compounds you will

07/26/20 Physical Science

• You need to know which elements are

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• An oxidation number tells you how many

• For ionic compounds the oxidation number

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Barium = Ba Fluoride = F

Barium = Ba2+ Fluoride = F-

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1. Find the oxidation numbers of each element in the compound.

2. Determine the ratios of each element and write the

07/26/20 Physical Science

07/26/20 Physical Science

Sodium chloride Na+ Cl-

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2. Write the symbol of the element or

1. Write the name of the positive ion.

07/26/20 Physical Science

07/26/20 Physical Science

07/26/20 Physical Science

1. Write the name of the positive ion.

07/26/20 Physical Science

1. Write the formulas for the cation and

2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Now balanced.

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = Ba(NO3)2

1. Write the formulas for the cation

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = (NH4)2SO4

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using = FeCl3