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    BS Physics 3rd Semester Lecture #1

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    Shehzad Ahmed
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including: 1. Fluids are substances that cannot withstand shearing stress and include liquids and gases. Fluid mechanics studies fluids at rest and in motion. 2. Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow follows streamlines while turbulent flow has eddies and irregular patterns. 3. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes resistance to flow from one layer to another. The coefficient of viscosity η quantifies viscosity and has units of Ns/m^2 or Pa·s. 4. An ideal fluid is assumed to be nonviscous, incompressible,

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    BS Physics 3rd Semester Lecture #1

    Uploaded by

    Shehzad Ahmed
    51 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including: 1. Fluids are substances that cannot withstand shearing stress and include liquids and gases. Fluid mechanics studies fluids at rest and in motion. 2. Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow follows streamlines while turbulent flow has eddies and irregular patterns. 3. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes resistance to flow from one layer to another. The coefficient of viscosity η quantifies viscosity and has units of Ns/m^2 or Pa·s. 4. An ideal fluid is assumed to be nonviscous, incompressible,

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    good notes on viscosity

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    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including: 1. Fluids are substances that cannot withstand shearing stress and include liquids and gases. Fluid mechanics studies fluids at rest and in motion. 2. Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow follows streamlines while turbulent flow has eddies and irregular patterns. 3. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes resistance to flow from one layer to another. The coefficient of viscosity η quantifies viscosity and has units of Ns/m^2 or Pa·s. 4. An ideal fluid is assumed to be nonviscous, incompressible,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    51 views14 pages

    BS Physics 3rd Semester Lecture #1

    Uploaded by

    Shehzad Ahmed
    This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including: 1. Fluids are substances that cannot withstand shearing stress and include liquids and gases. Fluid mechanics studies fluids at rest and in motion. 2. Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow follows streamlines while turbulent flow has eddies and irregular patterns. 3. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes resistance to flow from one layer to another. The coefficient of viscosity η quantifies viscosity and has units of Ns/m^2 or Pa·s. 4. An ideal fluid is assumed to be nonviscous, incompressible,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    BS Physics 3rd semester

    Properties of Matter (Phy-606)


    Chapter # 2

    Viscosity

    Lecture #1
    Dated 29-05-2020
    Contents

    • Fluid
    • Fluid Mechanics
    • Fluid flow
    • Critical velocity
    • Viscosity
    • Coefficient of viscosity
    FLUIDS
    The three common phases, or states, of matter are solid, liquid, and
    gas.
    • A solid maintains a fixed shape and a fixed size; even if a large
    force is applied to a solid, it does not readily change its shape or
    volume.
    • A liquid does not maintain a fixed shape—it takes on the shape of
    its container—but like a solid it is not readily compressible, and its
    volume can be changed significantly only by a very large force.
    • A gas has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume—it will expand
    to fill its container.

    Since liquids and gases do not maintain a fixed shape, they both
    have ability to flow; they are thus often referred to collectively
    as fluids.

    A fluid is a substance that can not withstand shearing stress*.

    *Shearing stress is force per unit area that tends to change shape of object
    This concept is discussed in previous chapter as well as in college Physics.
    FLUIDS MECHANICS

    Fluid Mechanics is branch of Physics which deals with study of


    behaviour of fluid (water, air, gas or blood) at rest and in motion.

    Fluid mechanics is further categorized as


    • Fluid statics/ Hydrostatics
    • Fluid dynamics /Hydrodynamics (aerodynamics in case of air)

    In fluid statics we study behaviour of fluid in state of rest by taking


    into account the density of and pressure in the fluid. As you have
    studied Pascal’s Principle and Archimedes' Principle in school Physics.

    In fluid dynamics we study behaviour of fluid in state of motion.


    FLUID FLOW
    Flow of fluid can be of two types
    • Laminar flow
    • Turbulent flow
    In a Laminar* flow (also known as steady or streamline flow) each particle follows
    exactly the same path exactly with same velocity as its predecessors. This path is
    called streamline (represented by lines). In laminar flow these paths do not cross each
    other and the velocity of the fluid at any point remains constant in time.

    Irregular or unsteady flow of fluid is called turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is


    characterized by erratic, small, whirlpool-like circles called eddy currents or eddies.

    *Word laminar means “in layers”


    FLUID FLOW

    The flow is steady or streamlined only as long as the velocity of the fluid does not
    exceed a limiting value called critical velocity.

    Critical velocity vc is a velocity below which the motion of the fluid is


    laminar and above which the motion of fluid becomes turbulent.

    When the external pressure causing the flow of fluid is excessive the motion of fluid
    takes place with velocity greater then critical velocity the motion becomes turbulent.
    This causes eddies and whirl pools in the liquid. This turbulent motion is also called
    vortex motion.

    For explanation please visit the links below.


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv0RB71BQ_4
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzuzbwJWlYs
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmjFdBxbV08
    Critical velocity vc depends upon the following factors
    • Viscosity of fluid η
    ( η is resistance of fluid to flow which we will discuss in next slide)
    • density of fluid ρ
    • radius r of the tube through which fluid is flowing

    vc  
    1
    vc 

    1
    vc 
    Combining all above
    r

    vc 
    r
     For explanation visit
    vc  k https://www.youtube.com/watc
    r h?v=Yv0RB71BQ_4
    Where k is Reynold’s number we have
    Students’ task: Can you give the unit and
    significance of Reynold ‘s number!!!
    VISCOSITY

    An internal friction among the different molecular layers of


    fluid in motion is called viscosity.
    OR
    The property of a fluid by virtue of which it opposes relative
    motion between its different layers is known as viscosity or
    internal friction of the liquid.

    Please visit the following link to understand the concept of viscosity


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_jQ1B9UwpU
    VISCOSITY

    • The viscosity hinders neighboring layers of fluid from sliding freely past one
    another.
    • In liquids, viscosity is due to the electrical cohesive forces between the
    molecules.
    • In gases, it arises from collisions between the molecules.
    • Viscosity represents a nonconservative force, part of a fluid’s kinetic
    energy is converted to internal energy when layers of fluid slide past one
    another.

    To keep viscous fluid moving we have to exert force on it, like heart
    pumps blood in arteries.

    • When a liquid flows slowly and steadily over a fixed horizontal surface, i.e. ,
    when its flow is streamline, its layer in contact with the fixed surface is
    stationary and the velocity of the layers increases with the distance from
    the fixed surface, i.e. ,the greater the distance of a layer from the fixed
    surface, the greater its velocity. This is due to resistive force between
    adjacent layers called viscosity.
    COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY
    To represent the viscosity of fluids quantitatively we use coefficient of viscosity
    denoted by η or μ.
    Consider a viscous fluid between two parallel plates as shown in figure. The top
    plate is free to move while the bottom one is stationary. If the top plate is to move
    with a velocity v relative to the bottom plate, a force F is required. we may imagine
    the fluid to be composed of many thin horizontal layers. When the top plate moves,
    the intermediate fluid layers slide over each other. The velocity of each layer is
    different, changing uniformly from v at the top plate to zero at the bottom plate.

    (a) A force F is applied to the top plate, which is in contact


    with a viscous fluid. (b) Because of the force F , the top
    plate and the adjacent layer of fluid move with a constant
    velocity v.
    COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY
    As each layer moves, it is subjected to viscous forces from its neighboring layers. The
    purpose of the force is to compensate for the effect of these forces, so that any layer
    can move with a constant velocity. That is applied force is equal to resistive force
    among the layers . Here we can see

    Here η is called coefficient of viscosity


    COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY

    If distance between plates is very small i.e. x0


    dv
    F  A  
    dx
    F If A=1 and =1
    
    dv
    A
    dx
    F
    Coefficient of viscosity of a fluid is defined as the tangential force per unit area
    required to maintain a unit velocity gradient. S.I units for coefficient of viscosity are
    Nsm-1 or pascal-second. In CGS system the unit is poise

    1poise = 0.1pascal-second

    The link of video containing whole derivation


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=287YVjeZPYY&list=PLX2gX
    -ftPVXVHnqlawAPDHuo3lg9lT6JI&index=24

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02zSM7b9g_w&list=PLX2g
    Students’ task:
    X-ftPVXVHnqlawAPDHuo3lg9lT6JI&index=25 Give the dimensions of η
    IDEAL FLUID
    The motion of real fluid is very complicated. We try to understand motion
    of real fluid by adopting the simplified model and use the concept of ideal
    fluid.

    Ideal fluid is

    1. Nonviscous fluid. In a nonviscous fluid, internal friction is ignored. An


    object moving through the fluid experiences no viscous force.

    2. Incompressible fluid. The density of the fluid is assumed to remain


    constant regardless of the pressure in the fluid. Density of
    incompressible fluid does not changes.

    3. Steady flow. In steady flow, we assume that the velocity of the fluid
    at each point remains constant in time.

    4. Irrotational flow. Fluid flow is irrotational if the fluid has no angular


    momentum about any point. If a small paddle wheel placed anywhere in
    the fluid does not rotate about the wheel’s center of mass, the flow is
    irrotational. (If the wheel were to rotate, as it would if turbulence
    were present, the flow would be rotational.)
    End of lecture # 1

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