Water Management Soil and Nutrients Pests and Diseases

Water management
Soil and Nutrients

Pests and diseases
1. Water management
Most Asian lowland rice farms require large

amounts of water.
An average of about 2500 L of water is used to

produce 1 kg of rice!
It varies between 800 -5000 L.
Water management ….. cont.
The total average water use in irrigated

lowland rice fields ranges from 675 mm to
4450 mm depending on the soil type, rice
culture, and water management practices.
About 75% of total rice production comes from

irrigated lowland.
Irrigated rice receives

34-43 % of the total
world’s irrigation water
The components of water input and loss
in lowland rice fields
input
loss
input
loss
input
loss
i. During land preparation, most water irrigated is

lost by drainage (runoff) through soil cracks.
.
ii. Evapotranspiration
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that

occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phas
e that is not saturated with the evaporating substance
Transpiration is the process of water movement thro
ugh a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such
as from leaves, stems and flowers
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and pl
ant transpiration to the atmosphere
iii. Seepage and percolation
Seepage is the horizontal flow (lost) of

water into or from a soil.
Percolation is the downward movement of
water through the soil.
Both have negative effect on water
productivity.
Amount of water loss ….. cont.
Component of loss Amount loss % loss
Seepage and Percolation 5-30 mm / day 25 – 50 (heavy soil)
50-85 (sandy/loamy
texture)
Evapotranspiration 4-7 mm / day < than 15%
Irrigation techniques
At least 3 methods are known can
economically save water.
1. Continuous shallow flooding
(CSF)
2. Alternate wetting and drying
(AWD)
3. Saturated soil culture (SSC)
Irrigation techniques
i.Continuous shallow flooding (CSF)

Constantly 2 - 5 cm water in the field.
Water is added when the depth is 2
cm.
Irrigation is stopped at 10-15 days
before harvest.
Irrigation techniques…. cont.
ii. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)

Water is added to a depth of 2-5 cm but
only after the fields have been dried for
2 to 7 days.
iii. Saturated soil culture (SSC)
The soil is kept as close to saturation

as possible. This means irrigation is
given to get 1 cm of floodwater but only 1
or 2 days after standing water is gone.
Saturated soil culture (SSC)

Water requirements at different
plant growth stages
Transplanting
Tillering
Stage 1
Panicle initiation
Stage 2
Flowering
Stage 3
Maturity
Stage 4
Stage 1
Transplanting to tillering
Vulnerable to water shortage. Insufficient soil water

will cause retarded growth or even failure for seedlings
to recover. 1 cm depth of water must be maintained.
Stage 2
Tillering to panicle initiation
Physiologically, this is the most resistant growth stage

to low soil water content.
Soil water level should be kept as low as possible to
accelerate tillering.
Stage 3
Panicle initiation to flowering
Physiologically, this is the most susceptible growth

stage to low soil water content.
Soil water deficit will decrease no of grain per panicle ,
thus, reduce yield .
Stage 4
Flowering to maturity
Water shortage during this period will further

reduce grain yield.
In general, drainage is done 15-20 days after

flowering (heading) to hasten maturity and
ripening of grains.
Conclusion
Lowland rice requires lots of water input

Water in the field is lost by 3 ways: runoff via soil crack,
evapotranspiration, seepage and percolation
Water inputs to lowland rice fields are needed to match t
he outflows by seepage, percolation, evaporation, and tra
nspiration
3 water saving methods have been introduced to
increase water use efficiency and save water in rice
production
Water requirement for rice is different at different growth
stage
Announcement
Test 1 AGR3502 (1)

Date: 11 March 2018
Venue: BK4
Time: 8.45 – 9.45
All subjective questions
Lecture week 1 – week 4

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Water management

Soil and Nutrients

Most Asian lowland rice farms require large

An average of about 2500 L of water is used to

The total average water use in irrigated

About 75% of total rice production comes from

Irrigated rice receives

i. During land preparation, most water irrigated is

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that

Seepage is the horizontal flow (lost) of

Component of loss Amount loss % loss

Seepage and Percolation 5-30 mm / day 25 – 50 (heavy soil)

i.Continuous shallow flooding (CSF)

ii. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)

iii. Saturated soil culture (SSC)

The soil is kept as close to saturation

Saturated soil culture (SSC)

Vulnerable to water shortage. Insufficient soil water

Tillering to panicle initiation

Physiologically, this is the most resistant growth stage

Panicle initiation to flowering

Physiologically, this is the most susceptible growth

Water shortage during this period will further

In general, drainage is done 15-20 days after

Lowland rice requires lots of water input

Test 1 AGR3502 (1)

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