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Hard
Harvard Referencing Guide
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Academics
Plagiarism
If you quote or paraphrase another author's work without including a reference to it you are
plagiarizing.
Harvard Referencing System
Description – Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by university students, to cite
information sources.

1. In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source. They are located in the body
of the work and contain a fragment of the full citation. Depending on the source type, some Harvard
Reference in-text citations may look something like this:
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).

2. Reference lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used in the
assignment. Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference list:
Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.
Reference lists are created to allow readers to locate original sources themselves. Each citation in a
reference list includes various pieces of information including the:

Name of the author(s)

Year published

Title

City published

Publisher

Pages used
Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow this format:
Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).
Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
If there are multiple sources by the same author,
then citations are listed in order by the date of publication.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Books with One Author
The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the
following:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first
edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).
If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be
included in the citation.

Example: One author AND first edition:

Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown.

Example: One author AND NOT the first edition

Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Books with Two or More Authors
When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order in which they
appear on the source. Use the word “and” to separate the names.
Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).

Example:
Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.

Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering
computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Chapters in Edited Books
When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last name, ed., Book Title,
1st ed.* City: Publisher, Page(s).

Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed., The Dogs That We Love, 1st ed. Boston:
Jacobson Ltd., pp. 78-92.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Multiple Works By The Same Author
When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by year. When
sources are published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title.

Example:
Brown, D. (1998). Digital fortress. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Brown, D. (2003). Deception point. New York: Atria Books.
Brown, D. (2003). The Da Vinci code. New York: Doubleday.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Print Journal Articles
The standard structure of a print journal citation includes the following components:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).

Examples:
Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory.
Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical Limitations on
Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic Medical and Mental Disorders. Global
Journal of Health Science, 7(5), pp. 183-195.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Journal
Articles Found on a Database or on a Website
When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of the components
found in a citation of a print journal, but also include the medium ([online]), the website URL, and
the date that the article was accessed.
Structure:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume(Issue), pages.
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
Raina, S. (2015). Establishing Correlation Between Genetics and Nonresponse. Journal of
Postgraduate Medicine, [online] Volume 61(2), p. 148. Available at:
http://www.proquest.com/products-services/ProQuest-Research-Library.html [Accessed 8 Apr.
2015].
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Print Newspaper Articles
When citing a newspaper, use the following structure:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s).

Example:
Weisman, J. (2015). Deal Reached on Fast-Track Authority for Obama on Trade Accord. The New
York Times, p.A1.
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Newspaper Articles Found on a Database
or a Website
To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following structure:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online] pages. Available at: url
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
Harris, E. (2015). For Special-Needs Students, Custom Furniture Out of Schoolhouse Scraps. New
York Times, [online] p.A20. Available at: http://go.galegroup.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2015].
Harvard Reference List Citations for
Print Magazines
When citing magazines, use the following structure:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume), Page(s).

Example:
Davidson, J. (2008). Speak her language. Men’s Health, (23), pp.104-106.
Harvard Reference List Citations for Websites
When citing a website, use the following structure:
Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].
When no author is listed, use the following structure:
Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
Messer, L. (2015). 'Fancy Nancy' Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News. Available at:
http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-2017/story?
id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 Mar. 2015].
Mms.com, (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.mms.com/ [Accessed
20 Apr. 2015].
Harvard Reference List Citations for
eBooks and PDFs
When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and follow it with
the type of resource in brackets (either [ebook] or [pdf]). Include the url at the end of the citation
with the date it was accessed in brackets.
Use the following structure:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher, page(s). Available
at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [ebook] New York: Knopf. Available at:
http://ebooks.nypl.org/ [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].

Robin, J. (2014). A handbook for professional learning: research, resources, and strategies for
implementation. 1st ed. [pdf] New York: NYC Department of Education. Available at
http://schools.nyc.gov/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].
Harvard In-Text Citations Overview
Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were paraphrased or
quoted directly from a source.
Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the source was
published.
The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence.
In-Text Citations for One Author
The author’s last name and the year that the source was published are placed in the parentheses.

Example:
Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such as, “... he
turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).
If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should exclude it from the
in-text citation.

Example:
Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick Carraway
a close friend (2004).
In-Text Citations for Two or Three Authors
When a source has two authors, place both authors’ names in the order in which they appear on the
source, with the word and separating them.

Examples:
“A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings may carry a strong
emotional charge” (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).

“Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval from the person who
matters the most - yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt, 2011).
In-Text Citations for Four or More Authors
Only use the first listed author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.” and the publishing
year.

Example:
It can be said that “knowledge of the stages of growth and development helps predict the patient’s
response to the present illness or the threat of future illness” (Potter et al., 2013).

Example:
Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos, parents keep the
newborn inside the home until after the baptism to ensure the baby’s health and protection.”
In-Text Citations for Corporate Authors
Use the name of the organization in place of the author.

Example:
“Dr. Scharschmidt completed her residency in 2012, joined the Leaders Society in 2013, and
became a new volunteer this year to encourage other young dermatologists in her area to join her in
leadership giving” (Dermatology Foundation, 2014).
If the name of the organization is used in the text, place only the year in parentheses.

Example:
The Dermatology Foundation (2013) stated in their report that “industry also played an important
role in the success of the highly rated annual DF Clinical Symposia—Advances in Dermatology.”
In-Text Citations for No Author
When an author’s name cannot be found, place the title of the text in the parentheses, followed by
the publishing year.
Example:
Lisa wasn’t scared, she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice her father in such a
peculiar place (Lost Spaces, 2014).
In-Text Citations With No Date
When a date is not included in a source, simply omit that information from the in-text citation.

Example:
“Her hair was the color of lilac blossoms, while a peculiar color, it fit her quite well” (Montalvo)
Reference:

citethisforme.com, (2018). Citethisforme’s Official Website. [online]

Available at: http://www.citethisforme.com/ [Accessed 23 Nov. 2018].