Multilateral

Agencies/Organizations/Agreements -IMF&
World Bank, OPEC, OECD, G20

Presented by Group-4:
Adarsh B S 19004
Chayankit Nema 19015
Submitted to: Kattamuri V N S Jayarajyalakshmi 19025
Dr.R Sugant Prabjot Kaur 19037
Shashank G 19048
Vachan prabhu M 19058
Agenda:
To know about Multilateral Agencies their:
• History
• Objectives
• Impact Analysis
• Future Direction
• Structure
• Challenges
 Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development
(OECD)
 It is an intergovernmental economic organization
with 36 member countries
 Founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and
world trade
 It is a forum of countries describing themselves as
committed to democracy and the market economy,
providing a platform to
 compare policy experiences,
 seek answers to common problem
 identify good practices
 coordinate domestic and international
policies of its members
 Most OECD members are high-income economies
with a very high Human Development Index(HDI) and
are regarded as developed countries.
History:
 In 1948, the OECD originated as the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
 It started its operations on 16 April 1948
 Since 1949, it has been headquartered in Paris, France.
 Currently there is 36 OECD member countries worldwide which regularly turn to one another to identify
problems, discuss and analyze them, and promote policies to solve them.
Objective:
The OECD’s focus is to help governments around the world achieve the following:
Improve confidence in markets and the institutions that help them function.
Obtain healthy public finances to achieve future sustainable economic growth.
Achieve growth through innovation, environmentally friendly strategies, and the sustainability of
developing economies.
Provide resources for people to develop the skills they need to be productive.
 Structure
The OECD’s Organizational Structure
The organization is structured in three tiers: the Council, the Secretariat,
and the Committees.
1. The Council
The Council consists of ambassadors from the member nations. They
exercise authority over decision-making and establishing goals for the
organization. They are in charge of the strategic direction of the OECD.
2. The Secretariat
The second tier is the Secretary-General, the deputy, and the
directorates. The current OECD Secretary-General is Jose Angel Gurria, a
Mexican economist and diplomat. The Secretariat lists 2,500 members
and includes economists, scientists, and lawyers who oversee the
collection of data and research and analysis. The council and the
Secretary-General oversee the work of the Secretariat.
3. The Committees
The third tier is the committees, which include representatives from
different member nations that meet to discuss the environment,
education, trade, and investment.
Impact
Analysis:
 Help inform and advance policy debate so that
countries can make the right decisions and
reforms to deliver better policies for their citizens
and to meet global commitments, such as the
Sustainable Development Goals.
 Improve setting of goals
 Improvement in measuring performance
 We innovate in finding ways for economic growth
to benefit everyone
 Improving Efficiency
 Challenges Faced
by OECD:

 Improving measurement
 Resistance from public servants
 Changing behaviour of politicians

Future of
OECD:

 The future of work offers unparalleled opportunities, but also significant challenges.
 Globalization, technological progress and demographic change are having a profound impact on
society and labor markets.
 Create policies help workers and society at large to manage the transition with the least possible
disruption, while maximizing the potential benefits.
 •HISTORY:
• G20 Founded in 1999
• Heads of government, heads of state, as well as
finance ministers and foreign ministers
• The "Group of 20" (G20) is made up of the
finance ministers and central bank governors of
G20 19 countries and the European Union
• Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa,
Republic of Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom and
United.
• The G20 gathered for high-level discussions on
macro-financial issues
• The first G20 Leaders’ Summit took place in
Washington D.C. in November 2008
 • With the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of
international financial stability
• Policy coordination among its members in order to achieve global
economic stability and sustainable growth
• To promote financial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future
financial crises
• To create a new international financial architecture

Objectives • The G20 was formed in the 1990's so that central bank governors and
finance ministers could coordinate their response to global economic
turbulence

& Structure:
• The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff

Structure : • The chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a
different regional grouping of countries
• The chair is part of a revolving three-member management group of
past, present and future
• The Sherpas’ Track focuses on non-economic and financial issues, such
as development, anti-corruption and food security
• The Sherpas carry out important planning, negotiation and
implementation tasks continuously
 • Since a new government came to power in India in 2014, China-India
relations have been positive and productive with frequent high-level
exchanges
• India has emerged as an important member of G20—able to contribute
and influence the reshaping of the world economic and financial order
•  They will also watch China’s experiment in raising the profile of business

Impact
input into the G20 via the B20 with interest.
• As global citizens, they will be looking for clues from the first China-
hosted G20 for how China’s rise will affect opportunities and trading

analysis & conditions in the years and decades to come.

Challenges:

Challenges •

•
Economic stabilization and structural reforms for growth and
employment

:
. Strengthening the financial systems and fostering financial inclusion to
promote economic growth
• Improving the international financial architecture
• Enhancing food security and addressing commodity price volatility
• Promoting green growth
 • The three key aims of the 2020 G20 Presidency
are:
• Empowering People, by creating the conditions
in which all people – especially women and
youth – can live, work and thrive

Future • Safeguarding the Planet, by fostering collective

efforts to protect our global commons

directions: • Shaping New Frontiers, by adopting long-term

and bold strategies to share benefits of
innovation and technological advancement
• The G20 has a strong tradition of working with
a broad range of organizations to bring
different perspectives on financial and
socioeconomic challenges to the G20 table
• Documents from meetings throughout the
year​:
• Agriculture​, Anti-corruption​, Climate
Stewardship​​, Development, Digital
Economy, Education, Labor and
Employment, Energy Sustainability,
Environment, Health, Tourism and Trade
and Investment
• Implement recommendations from the
Multi-Year Framework for HRD policy
coherence and coordination.
• Take forward the G20 Inclusive Business
Framework and support the development
of the G20 Global Platform on Inclusive
Business.
 •History:
• Founded in 1944 at UN monetary and financial conference
• Harry dexter white and john maynared Keynes was the founder of world bank
• it was established as a new post world-2 international economic system

WORLD
• The world bank officially began in 1946
• The world bank initial aim was to help rebuild the country which was devastated by
world war 2

BANK • The first country to receive the loan was France

•Why it came into existence ?
• The world bank was created at the end of world war 2 as a result of many Asian and
European countries needed financing support for reconstruction
• The bank is successful in providing financing support for these countries
• The international bank for reconstruction and development was the first multi
lateral development bank
 • The Bretton woods conference was
held from the 1st to 22nd of july,1944
• Contained 730 delegates from all 44
allied nations in Bretton woods
Bretton • To regulate the international monetary
woods and financial order after the conclusion
of world war 2
conference: • Created to major institution
1. world bank
2. imf
 • To provide long run capital to members countries for economic
development and reconstruction
• To provide guarantee for loans granted to small and large units
and others projects of members countries
• To induce long run capital investment for assuring balance of
payments for international trade
• To ensure the implementation of development projects so as
to bring about a smooth transference from war time to peace
economy

Objectives • To provide guarantee on private loans or capital investment

•Impact Analysis:

& Impact •DIME programs and projects are structured around and linked to the world
banks clusters in sustainable development, human development and
equitable growth ,finance and institution

Analysis: • Using rigorous evaluation, AADAPT aims to identify and correct the main
constraints to adoption in agriculture
• There are some professional entertainers who has power of changing
the norms and behaviors of the education
• Defying expectations and changing priors on women performance
 • Lack transparency to external public
• It was started to reduce poverty and build
economy but it supported united state
business interests
• It is deeply implicated in contemporary
Criticism modes of donor and NGO driven
faced by imperialism
• The decision making structure is
world bank: undemocratic
• It is an instrument for the promotion of US
and other western countries like
France,Germany etc
• It has consistently pushed neo liberal
agenda
 • It is planning to provide the largest external funds for
education
• It is also planning for releasing funds for biodiversity
projects
• They are also trying to help to bring clean water

Future
electricity and transport to poor people around the
world
direction / • They are also are helping in controlling emerging
conflicts
future goals by • Its also helping in reducing poverty
world bank: • Empower women and promote equality between men
and women
• Create a global partnership for development with
targets for aid,tarde and debt relief
• To reduce child death rates
• To achieve universal primary education
The Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting countries
 It is an intergovernmental organization with 13
member countries.
 The OPEC accounted for an estimate :-
• 44 percent of global oil
• 81.5 percent of the worlds proven oil reserves
• It is a major influencer on global oil prices and
previously called as seven sisters.
 OPEC is to coordinate and unify the petroleum
policies of its member countries and ensure the
stabilization of oil markets .
  OPEC created at the Baghdad conference on September 10-14
in the year 1960.
 Timeline:-
• 1960s:- OPEC formed in Baghdad in September 1960. set up
its objectives and established its secretariat
• 1970s:- OPEC acquired a major say in the pricing of crude oil
on world markets
• 1980s:-  OPEC’s share of the smaller oil market fell heavily
and its total petroleum revenue dropped below a third of earlier

History peaks, causing severe economic hardship for many Member

Countries
• 1990s :- Prices moved less dramatically than in the 1970s to
1980 and OPEC action reduce the market impact of the middle
east hostilities.
• 2000s:- An innovative OPEC oil price band mechanism helped
strengthen and stabilize crude prices in the early years of the
decade
• 2010 until now:-  OPEC continued to seek stability in the
market , and looked to further enhance its dialogue and
cooperation with consumers, and non-OPEC producers.
  To provide secure and steady supply of oil
To provide support to its members over
sovereign rights
To provide the financial resource to those
countries who need to realize their
Objectives of economic and social
development goals
OPEC: OPEC members both individually and
collectively have themselves been at the
forefront of many
important environmental focused
developments.
To encourage dialogue and cooperation
 • The OPEC Organizational structure
 The Organisational structure of OPEC consist of the
Board of Governors, headed by a chairman, submits the
annual budget, reports and recommendations to the
conference.
  It meets at least twice a year and adopts its decisions by
a simple majority of attending members.
 OPEC operates through its Conference, Board of

STRUCTURE Governors, Economic Commission Board and

Secretariat
 The supreme authority of the organization is the
conference, consisting of the representatives (generally
oil ministers) of all the member countries each with one
vote
 It meets twice a year to formulate policy, approve the
budget and consider the recommendations of the Board
of Governors.
  Non-OPEC oil producing nations often increase production
when OPEC cuts it.
 dealing with fluctuations in oil revenue because of variations in
prices and levels of production, and the effect of these on both
public expenditure and the performance of their economies. 
  dependence of their economies on a single main source of
income. 
Challenges  long-term challenge facing producing and exporting states in
OPEC relates to the timing and means of directing investments

faced by to raise their production capacities. 

Challenges To OPEC From Within:

OPEC   the short-term challenge relates to its ability and effectiveness

in dealing with the crises of supply interruptions for whatever
reason from its member countries and the resumption of
supplies thereafter
 The second challenge that the organization faces in the short
term relates to its ability to achieve stability and balance in the
market.
 • Future direction of OPEC IN India
• OPEC even sees world oil demand
growth increasingly shifting to India.
• By  2040, India’s oil demand will
FUTURE increase by more than 150% to 10.1
DIRECTIONS mb/d from around 4 mb/d currently.
• The country’s total share of global oil
demand is also seen rising to
over 9% by 2040 from 4% now.
 IMF

History:
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international
trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
• Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make up its near-global membership
• The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and
their citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.

• $1 trillion is the total amount the IMF can lend to its member countries.

• 36 current lending arrangements

• 0% interest rate on loans to low-income countries

• $303 million for hands-on technical advice, policy oriented training, and peer learning.

• 24 Executive directors representing 189 member countries.

• .
 • International Monetary Co-operation
• To Promote Exchange Stability
• To Eliminate Exchange Control
• Establishment of Multilateral Trade and
Payment
• Growth of International Trade

Objectives: • Balanced Economic Growth

• To remove the Disequilibrium in the Balance of
Payment
• Expansion of Capital Investment in Under-
develop Countries
• Generating of Higher Employment and Income
• Help during Emergency &Shorten the Duration
and Lessen the Degree
Financial & Governance Structure of the IMF:

• Financial Structure of the IMF:

• The capital or the resources of the Fund come
from two sources:
• (i) Subscription or quota of the member
nations, and
• (ii) Borrowings.
 • Surveillance:
• Country Surveillance
• Regional Surveillance
• Global Surveillance
• Technical Assistance
• Lending:
• Conditions for lending
Functions: • Main lending facilities
• Helping Low-income Countries
Challenges faced by IMF:
• Identifying emerging imbalances and
vulnerabilities
• Improving the impact of the surveillance
process
 • The IMF’s main goal is to ensure the
stability of the international monetary
and financial system. It helps resolve
crises and works with its member
Impact countries to promote growth and
alleviate poverty. It has three main
Analysis: tools at its disposal to carry out its
mandate: surveillance, technical
assistance and training, and lending.
These functions are underpinned by
the IMF’s research and statistics.
 References:
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/organization-of-the-petroleum-exporting-countries-
opec/23553
.
• https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm
• https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/4567.htm.
• https://academic.oup.com/globalsummitry/article/2/2/161/3066372
• https://www.g20-insights.org/
• https://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43412680.pdf
• https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp072704
• https://www.imf.org/external/about/overview.htm
• http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/international-monetary-fund/international-monetary-fund-imf
-history-objectives-and-other-details/13185