Ac motors

MOTOR:
• An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy
• Working of electric motor mainly depends upon the interaction of
magnetic field with current.
• It obeys the Flemings left hand rule =BIL
• working principle of an electric motor:

• When a current-carrying conductor is located in an external magnetic field

perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor experiences a force
perpendicular to itself and to the external magnetic field
AC Motor

• The motor that converts the alternating current into mechanical

power by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon is called
an AC motor. 
•  The stator and the rotor are the two most important parts of the AC
motors. The stator is the stationary part of the motor, and the rotor is
the rotating part of the motor.
 Ac motors

Synchronous motor Asynchronous motors

plain super Induction Commutator

motors motors
Squirrel cage Slip
ring Series Repulsion
induction
motor inductio Compensate Repulsion
n motor d induction
Shunt Repulsion start
induction
Classification based on type of supply:
1)Single-phase
2)Three-phase
Classification based on speed of operation:
1)Constant speed
2)Variable speed
3)Adjustable speed
Classification based on structural features:
1)Open
2)Enclosed
3)semi-enclosed
4)Ventilated
5)Pipe-ventilated
6)Riveted-frame eye etc
Working principle of induction motor:
 The motor which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction is known as the induction
motor

 The electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which the electromotive force induces across
the electrical conductor when it is placed in a rotating magnetic field.

 The stator and rotor are the two main parts of induction motor

 Stator is connected to armature winding and the rotor is connected to field winding

 For three phase the windings of the stator equally displaced by an angle 120 degrees

 When the three phase supply is given to the stator, the rotating magnetic field produced on it. The
figure below shows the rotating magnetic field set up in the stator

.
 The stator hosts a three phase winding
distributed symmetrically on its inner
periphery. This stator winding is
energized from a three phase supply

 The rotor also hosts a 3 phase winding

on its periphery. But, the rotor winding is
not energized from any source and is
short- circuited on itself.
Consider that the rotating magnetic field induces in the
anticlockwise direction. The rotating magnetic field has the
moving polarities
The polarities of the magnetic field vary by concerning the
positive and negative half cycle of the supply
The change in polarities makes the magnetic field rotates.
The conductors of the rotor are stationary. This stationary
conductor cut the rotating magnetic field of the stator, and
because of the electromagnetic induction, the EMF induces
in the rotor
The figure below shows the rotating magnetic field set up in the stator

1) When the 3 phase stator a 3 phase supply, a 

rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates
around the stator at synchronous speed
2) The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors,
which as yet, are stationary. Due to this flux cutting, emfs
are induced in the rotor conductors. As rotor circuit is
short circuited, therefore,  currents start flowing in it.
3) Now, as per Lenz's law ,  "the direction of induced
current will be such that it opposes the very cause that
produced it 
4) Here, the cause of emf induction is the relative motion
between the rotating field and the stationary rotor
conductors. Hence, to reduce this relative motion, the
rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of the
stator field and tries to catch it but, can never catch it
due to friction and windage and therefore emf induction
continues and motor keeps rotating.
5) Thus, principle of 3 phase induction motor also explains
why rotor rotates in same direction as the rotating field
 and  why induction motor is self starting.
Synchronous speed of an induction motor:

The speed at which induction motor will operate depend upon input power
frequency and number of magnetic poles in the motor

Synchronous speed can be expressed as Ns=120f/P

Ns=120f/P

Where Ns=synchronous speed of motor

F=frequency of input power supply
P=number of poles
Slip:
The slip in an induction motor is the difference between synchronous speed(Ns) and their
actual or rotor speed(Nr) of the motor. The symbol S represents the slip. It is expressed by
the percentage of synchronous speed.

Mathematically, it is written as

Slip speed:
The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known as
the slip speed.
Slip speed:
 The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known
as the slip speed.

 The speed of the rotor is slightly less than the synchronous speed. Thus, the slip speed
expresses the speed of the rotor relative to the field.

 If Ns is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute

 Nr is the actual rotor speed in revolution per minute.
 The slip speed of the induction motor is given as

 The fraction part of the synchronous speed is called the Per Unit Slip or Fractional Slip.
The per unit slip is called the Slip. It is denoted by s
Therefore, the rotor speed is given by the equation shown below.
             
The percentage slip in revolution per second is given as shown below.

   
       
The slip of the induction motor varies from 5 percent for small motors to 2
percent for large motors.
• Frequency of Rotor :
• Assume rotor is stationary – Relative speed between the
rotor winding and rotating magnetic field is
• Ns =120f/P
• F=Ns*p/120

• • When the rotor speeds up – Relative speed is (Ns – N) •

Rotor Frequency
• Fr=P(Ns-N)/120
• =S F

• Speed of the motor:Nr=Ns(1-S)

• A 3-phase induction motor is supplied at 50Hz and is wound for 4 poles. Calculate
(i) Synchronous speed, (ii). A speed when slip is 3%, (iii). Frequency of the rotor
emf when it runs at 1200 rpm

Ans:Ns=1500 rpm
Nr=1455rpm
Fr=10HZ

• The frequency of emf in the stator of a 4-pole, 3- phase induction

motor is 50Hz and that in the rotor is 1.5Hz. Determine: i). The Slip, ii).
Speed of the motor
Slip=0.03 =fr=Sf
Ns=1500rpm=120f/p
Nr=1455rpm=Ns(1-s)
Torque Slip Characteristics of Three Phase Induction Motor

The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us the information about the
variation of torque with the slip.

The slip is defined as the ratio of difference of synchronous speed and actual
rotor speed to the synchronous speed of the machine.

The variation of slip can be obtained with the variation of speed that is when
speed varies the slip will also vary and the torque corresponding to that speed
will also vary.

The torque-slip characteristic curve can be divided roughly into three regions:
Low slip region
Medium slip region
High slip region
 The curve can be described in three modes of operation-

MotoringMode

In this mode of operation, supply is given to

the stator sides and the motor always rotates
below the synchronous speed(Nm<Ns) and
0<S<1. The induction motor torque varies
from zero to full load torque as the slip
varies. The slip varies from zero to one. It is
zero at no load and one at standstill. From
the curve it is seen that the torque is directly
proportional to the slip
That is, more is the slip, more will be the
torque produced and vice-versa. The linear
relationship simplifies the calculation of
motor parameter to great extent.
GeneratingMode:

In this mode of operation induction motor

runs above the synchronous speed
(Nm>Ns)and S<0 it should be driven by a
prime mover.

The stator winding is connected to a three

phase supply in which it supplies electrical
energy.

Actually, in this case, the torque and slip both

are negative so the motor receives mechanical
energy and delivers electrical energy.

Induction motor is not much used as

generator because it requires reactive power
for its operation
BrakingMode
• Nm<0,S<0
• Pcon=(1-S)Pgap
• P=T *W
• In the Braking mode, the two leads or the
polarity of the supply voltage is changed so
that the motor starts to rotate in the reverse
direction and as a result the motor stops. This
method of braking is known as plugging
.
This mode of operation can be used to quickly
stop machine
Breakdown torque:Motor can deliver
torque equal to or less than rated torque
continuosly. It can provide more than the
rated torque (upto Breakdown torque) for
short time.

Pullout torque (also called as Breakdown

torque) is the maximum torque offered by
Induction motor. If load torque tends to be
more than the Pullout torque, motor speed
starts dropping rapidly and eventually it
stalls. In stalled condition, motor provides
torque which is called as stall torque.

Stall torque (also called as Starting torque)

is of the order of 150% of the rated torque
and Pullout torque is of the order of 200%
of rated.
Specification of AC Motors:
AC Voltage & Frequency:

• 115/120V 60HZ-115 / 120V is standard residential or commercial voltage for 60 Hz

power (North America).
• 208-230 / 240V 60 Hz-These are for 60 Hz power (North America). 
• 460 / 480V 60 Hz- These are for 60 Hz power (North America). 
• 575 / 600V 60 Hz-These are for 60 Hz power (North America). 
• 50 Hz / International Power -International voltage levels, such as those common in
Asia and Europe, and includes all 50 Hz power. 
• 400 Hz / Aerospace-Motors and other components using 400 Hz power are primarily
used for aerospace applications. 
Phase:
• Single-phase: used in commercial and residential purpose
• Three-phase: used in industrial purposes
• Shaft speed: it refers to the no load rated speed at the output
terminal voltage
• Continuous output power: it's the mechanical output power
delivered by the motor
• Continuous torque: output torque capability of the motor under
constant torque running conditions
• Ac motor type:
• Induction motor: induction motor works on the principle of mutual induction.it means the
current induced in the rotor circuit without any physical connection of stator conductor
• The motors mostly used in variable speed control
• Synchronous motor:in this type of motor stator speed=rotor speed. therefore slip is zero
• It generally used in constant speed applications
• AC Servomotor: it's a permanent magnet type synchronous motor
• motors have low inertia to torque ratios for high accerlating ratios
• Universal motor:universal motor operates at approxmatiely same speed and out[ut of
either DC or AC supply
• Other:unlisted or speciliazed AC motor construction
• Multi-speed:motor speed can adjusted or set to discrete speeds within in the operating
range
• Reversible : motors can run either in clockwise or anticlockwise directions
Operating temperature:
Shock rating: shock rating is the maximum shock the motor can withstand and still meet other specifications
Vibration rating: is the maximum vibration the motor can withstand and still meet operating specifications
Totally enclosed: totally enclosed motors have an enclosure that prevents free exchange of air between the 2inside and outside of
the enclosure.
Dust proof:it protect against dust infiltration with features such as total enclosure and labyrinths sheet of the shaft
Water proof: there are several degrees of waterproofing applicable to motors and they are reflected in the IP rating for the motor:
IP1:protection against vertically falling water drops(drip-roof)
IP2: protection against direct spray water drops at 15 degrees vertical
IP3: protection against direct spray water drops at 60 degrees vertical
IP4: protection against direct spray water in all directions
Special\extreme conditions:
Clean room use
Cyrogenic use
Explosion-proof
Radiation-hardened
Vaccum use
Applications:
• Synchronous motor:
• Air blowers,paper mills,rubber factories etc
• Low speed synchronous motor are widely used in vaccum pumps,gear
pumps,metal rolling machines
• Gyro-compass is a special type of synchronous motor.it is also used as
primemovers for viscometers
• Inductive loads have drastic lagging powerfactor
• Overexcited synchronous motor having leading powerfactor
• These motors can also used in modern robots
• Asynchronous motors:
• very flexible to use
• Mostly use in pumping water up to the tank
• IM have their load bearing capacity and flexibility
• Generally used in various types of pumps,compressors.