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    Occurrence of Weak Deposits

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    engrmuppet
    The document discusses weak soil deposits in coastal areas and alluvial plains, including soft marine clay and loose beach sand. It describes the properties and problems associated with these soils, such as very low bearing capacity, high compressibility, susceptibility to liquefaction, and high settlements. The document also discusses various ground improvement methods for cohesive and cohesionless soils, including vertical drains, stone columns, vibro compaction, and deep soil mixing. An example of vibro compaction used under a breakwater foundation to reduce liquefaction and settlements is provided.

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    Occurrence of Weak Deposits

    Uploaded by

    engrmuppet
    61 views67 pages
    The document discusses weak soil deposits in coastal areas and alluvial plains, including soft marine clay and loose beach sand. It describes the properties and problems associated with these soils, such as very low bearing capacity, high compressibility, susceptibility to liquefaction, and high settlements. The document also discusses various ground improvement methods for cohesive and cohesionless soils, including vertical drains, stone columns, vibro compaction, and deep soil mixing. An example of vibro compaction used under a breakwater foundation to reduce liquefaction and settlements is provided.

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    Compact

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    The document discusses weak soil deposits in coastal areas and alluvial plains, including soft marine clay and loose beach sand. It describes the properties and problems associated with these soils, such as very low bearing capacity, high compressibility, susceptibility to liquefaction, and high settlements. The document also discusses various ground improvement methods for cohesive and cohesionless soils, including vertical drains, stone columns, vibro compaction, and deep soil mixing. An example of vibro compaction used under a breakwater foundation to reduce liquefaction and settlements is provided.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    61 views67 pages

    Occurrence of Weak Deposits

    Uploaded by

    engrmuppet
    The document discusses weak soil deposits in coastal areas and alluvial plains, including soft marine clay and loose beach sand. It describes the properties and problems associated with these soils, such as very low bearing capacity, high compressibility, susceptibility to liquefaction, and high settlements. The document also discusses various ground improvement methods for cohesive and cohesionless soils, including vertical drains, stone columns, vibro compaction, and deep soil mixing. An example of vibro compaction used under a breakwater foundation to reduce liquefaction and settlements is provided.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 67

    Occurrence of Weak Deposits

    Coastal Areas
    Soft Marine Clay
    ( e.g. Vizag, Cochin, Kandala, etc. )
    Loose Beach Sand
    Alluvial Deposits
    ( e.g. Aonla, Babarala, Shahajhanpur of Gangetic Belt )
    Low-lying Areas getting submerged by flood/tide
    Properties of Soft Clay
    Moisture Content = Liquid Limit
    Cohesion Strength = 10-20 kPa
    SPT (N) Values = 0 to 2
    Void Ratio = 0.8 to 1.2
    Compression Index > 1.0
    Coefficient of Consolidation = 1to 2 m2/year
    Problems with Soft Clay
    Very Low Bearing Capacity
    Capacit
    Large Settlements ( both total and differential )
    Long Term Settlements
    Negative Skin Friction on Piles
    Low Horizontal Load Capacity of Piles
    Instability of Deep Excavation Slopes
    High Earth Pressures on Retaining Structures
    Lateral Flow under Surface Loading
    Properties of Loose Sand
    Saturated Unit Weight = 18-20 kN/m3
    Void Ratio = 0.75 to 0.85
    Standard Penetration Test (N) Value = 4 to 10
    Angle of Friction = 28 - 30 degrees
    Compressibility Modulus = 5000 k Pa
    Permeability Coefficient = 10-5
    Problems with Loose Sand
    Low Bearing Capacity ( local shear failure )
    Higher Settlements
    Susceptibility to Liquefaction
    Temporary Support for Excavations
    Higher Seepage in Excavations
    Higher Earth Pressures on Retaining Structures
    Foundation Options

    Weak Soil

    Dense Soil

    Shallow Footing Compacted Ground Pile Foundation


    Methods of Ground Improvement
    For Cohesive Soils
    Vertical Drains and Preloading
    Vacuum Dewatering
    Stone Columns
    In-situ Deep Mixing
    Electro-osmosis
    Thermal Treatment
    Installation of Vertical Drains

    drain
    Soft Clay
    42.5 m dia x 14.6 m high external floating roof tanks for storing
    high/low sulphur diesel for Chochin Refineries Limited
    Methods of Ground Improvement
    For Cohesionless Soil
    Compaction Piles
    Vibro Compaction
    Stone Columns
    Dynamic Compaction
    Deep Explosions
    Grouting
    GROUND IMPROVEMENT -
    VIBRO COMPACTION AND VIBRO REPLACEMENT

     Vibro compaction (Vibro Floatation) used for


    compacting sand deposits both on land and
    underwater.

     These techniques are efficient and installation takes


    place very fast.

     Where applicable very cost effective; on an average


    50% saving as compared to a piled solution.

    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras


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    0 4
    0

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    0 2
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    GRADATION APPROPRIATE FOR VIBRO FLOTATION / VIBRO COMPACTION METHOD


    (Source : "Keller Grundbau GmbH", Head office and Overseas Division,
    D-63006 Offenbach, Germany)

    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras


    Ground improvement (Contd.)

    EXAMPLES

     Vibro Compaction of sand below the foundations of


    a breakwater near Karwar (Figs.1 to 3) to avoid
    liquefaction failure and reduce settlements.

     Vibro Replacement of foundation for large LNG


    storage tanks of 100m diameter with loading
    intensities of 20 t/m2 near Hazira on West Coast: as
    an alternative to pile foundation.

    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras


    Fig. 1 BREAK WATER CROSS SECTION

    Fig. 2 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF VIBRO EQUIPMENT


    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras
    Vibrator
    Fig. 3 RESULTS OF PRE AND POST COMPACTION CPT

    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras


    SOIL PROFILE

    83
    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras
    CONE RESISTANCE VALUES
    Prof.V.S.Raju, IIT Madras
    ROLE OF INSTRUMENTATION
    IN FOUNDATION MONITORING

    by

    Prof. S.R. Gandhi

    Department of Civil Engineering


    Indian Institute of Technology Madras
    Chennai 600 036

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