Technical Drawing CH 07

SECTION VIEWS
CHAPTERSEVEN
OBJECTIVES
1. Understand sections and cutting-plane lines.
2. Apply correct section-lining practices.
3. Recognize and draw section lining for 10 different materials.
4. Draw a section view given a two-view drawing.
5. Demonstrate correct hidden-line practices for section views.
6. Identify seven types of sections.
7. Apply section techniques to create clear, interpretable drawings.
8. Demonstrate the proper techniques for sectioning ribs, webs, and spokes.
9. Use hatching when using conventional breaks to show elongated objects.
10. Interpret drawings that include section views.
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
2
UNDERSTANDING SECTIONS
Section views are used for three main purposes:
• To document the design and manufacture of single parts that are manufactured
as one
piece.
• To document how multiple parts are to be assembled or built.
• To aid in visualizing the internal workings of a design.
When the part is cut

fully in half, the
resulting view is called
a full section.
3
The Cutting Plane
The cutting plane appears edgewise as a thick dashed line called the cutting-
plane line. The arrows at the ends of the cutting-plane line indicate the direction
of sight for the sectional view.
The Cutting Plane
4
Visible Edges on Cutting Planes
Newly visible edges cut by cutting plane are crosshatched with

section lining.
5
LABELING CUTTING PLANES
Note that each section (A-A and

B-B)
is completely independent.
6
RULES FOR LINES IN SECTION
VIEWS
• Show edges and contours that
are
now visible behind the cutting
plane.
• Omit hidden lines in section
views.
• A sectioned area is always
completely bounded by a visible
outline—never by a hidden line.
• A visible line can never cross
a sectioned area in a view
of a single part.
7
CUTTING-PLANE LINE STYLE
It is made up of equal dashes, each about 6 mm (1/4“) long ending in arrowheads.
This form works especially well for drawings. The alternative style, uses alternating
long dashes and pairs of short dashes and ends with arrowheads. This style has
been in general use for a long time, so you may still see it on drawings. Both lines
are drawn the same thickness as visible lines. The arrowheads at the ends of the
cutting plane line indicate the direction in which the cutaway object is viewed.
Alternative Methods for

Showing a Cutting
Plane
A and B.
8
Visualizing Cutting-Plane Direction
Correct and Incorrect Cutting-Plane Line

Placement
9
SECTION-LINING TECHNIQUE
• Uniformly spaced by an interval of about 2.5
mm
• Not too close together
• Uniformly thin, not varying in thickness
• Distinctly thinner than visible lines
• Neither running beyond nor stopping short
of visible
outlines
10
SECTION-LINING TECHNIQUE
continued….
11
Section-Lining Symbols
Section-lining symbols may be used to indicate specific
materials.
These symbols represent general material types only, such as cast
iron, brass, and steel.
Symbols for Section Lining
12
Section-Lining in CAD
CAD programs usually include libraries that
allow you to select from a variety of
section-lining patterns, making it easy to
use different patterns, angles, and scales
for the spacing of the
pattern.
13
HALF SECTIONS
Symmetrical objects can be shown effectively using a
special type of section view called a half section. A
half section exposes the interior of half of the object
and the exterior of the other half. This is done by
removing one quarter of the object.
Cutting plane Half section
14
BROKEN OUT SECTIONS
It often happens
that only a partial
section of
a view is needed to
expose interior
shapes.
Such a section,
limited by a break
line, is
called a broken
out section.
15
REVOLVED SECTIONS
The shape of the cross
section of a bar, arm,
spoke, or other elongated
object can be shown in the
longitudinal view by using a
revolved section.
To create a revolved section, first imagine a

cutting plane perpendicular to the centerline
or axis of the object. Next, revolve the plane 90°
90° about a centerline at right angles to
the axis.
16
REMOVED SECTIONS
A removed section is
one that is not in
direct projection from
the view containing
the cutting plane —
that is, it is not
positioned in
agreement with the
standard
arrangement of views.
17
OFFSET SECTIONS
In sectioning complex objects, it is often desirable to show features that do not
lie in a straight line by “offsetting” or bending the cutting plane. These are
called offset sections.
Note the offset cutting plane line
18
RIBS IN SECTION
To avoid giving a false impression of thickness and solidity, ribs, webs,
gear teeth, and other similar flat features are not hatched with section
lining even though the cutting plane slices them.
Thin features are not

hatched even though the
cutting plane passes
lengthwise through them.
19
ALIGNED SECTIONS
When parts with angled elements are sectioned, the cutting
plane may be bent to pass through those features. The plane
and features are then imagined to be revolved into the original
plane.
The angle of revolution
should always be less than
90° for
an aligned section.
Aligned Section
20
PARTIAL VIEWS
If space is limited on the paper or to save time, partial views may
be used with sectioning.
Another method of drawing a partial view is to break out much of

the circular view, retaining only those features that are needed
for minimum representation.
21
INTERSECTIONS IN SECTIONS
Whenever an intersection is small or unimportant in a section, it is
standard practice to disregard the true projection of the figure of
intersection.
Larger intersections
may be projected
Note that the larger hole

K is the same diameter
as the vertical hole. In
such cases the curves of
intersection (ellipses)
appear as straight lines.
22
CONVENTIONAL BREAKS
AND SECTIONS
Conventional breaks are used to shorten the view of an object
that is too long to show clearly at one scale on the drawing sheet.
23
ASSEMBLY SECTIONS
Section views are often used to create assembly
drawings.
Notice that the hatching on different parts has

different hatch patterns or hatch at different
angles. When used on the same part, the hatching
is always at the same angle to help you recognize
the parts easily.
24
COMPUTER TECHNIQUES FOR
SECTIONS
2D and 3D sectional views are created using CAD. Most CAD
systems have a “hatch” command to generate the section lining
and hatch patterns to fill an area automatically.
(Courtesy of PTC.)
(Courtesy of PTC.)
25

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SECTION VIEWS

When the part is cut

The Cutting Plane

Newly visible edges cut by cutting plane are crosshatched with

Note that each section (A-A and

Alternative Methods for

Correct and Incorrect Cutting-Plane Line

Symbols for Section Lining

Cutting plane Half section

To create a revolved section, first imagine a

Thin features are not

Another method of drawing a partial view is to break out much of

Note that the larger hole

Notice that the hatching on different parts has

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