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    Chapter 11 - What Drives Us

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    Christina Cannila
    This document provides an overview of theories of motivation and what drives human behavior. It discusses physiological drives like hunger and sex, as well as psychological needs for belonging and achievement. Several theories of motivation are examined, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key topics covered include the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, as well as the need for belonging and how it relates to achievement and affiliation.

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    Chapter 11 - What Drives Us

    Uploaded by

    Christina Cannila
    78 views30 pages
    This document provides an overview of theories of motivation and what drives human behavior. It discusses physiological drives like hunger and sex, as well as psychological needs for belonging and achievement. Several theories of motivation are examined, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key topics covered include the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, as well as the need for belonging and how it relates to achievement and affiliation.

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    Chapter 11_ What Drives Us

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    This document provides an overview of theories of motivation and what drives human behavior. It discusses physiological drives like hunger and sex, as well as psychological needs for belonging and achievement. Several theories of motivation are examined, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key topics covered include the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, as well as the need for belonging and how it relates to achievement and affiliation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    78 views30 pages

    Chapter 11 - What Drives Us

    Uploaded by

    Christina Cannila
    This document provides an overview of theories of motivation and what drives human behavior. It discusses physiological drives like hunger and sex, as well as psychological needs for belonging and achievement. Several theories of motivation are examined, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key topics covered include the physiology and psychology of hunger and sexual motivation, as well as the need for belonging and how it relates to achievement and affiliation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    PSY 100

    Lecture 12
    What Drives US
    What Drive Us: Motivation
    • Theories of Motivation
    • Hunger
    • Sexual Motivation
    • Belonging and Achievement
    Aron Ralston
    Motivation Defined
    • What drives our behavior
    • Interplay between our nature (bodily “push) and our nurture (the “pulls from
    our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture)
    Theories of Motivation
    • Instinct theory
    • Drive-reduction theory
    • Arousal theory
    • Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
    Instinct Theory
    • Instincts (unlearned behaviors as source of motivations)
    • E.g. Salmon returning to their birthplaces, imprinting in birds
    • Few human behaviors are instinctual
    • Innate reflexes to root for nipple, sucking, grasping
    • Many more behaviors are directed by physical needs and psychological wants,
    not instincts
    Drive Reduction Theories
    • Arises from our need to maintain homeostasis
    • A balanced or constant internal state
    • Drives: physiological needs such as, for food or water
    • Create an aroused state (hunger, thirst)
    • Theory argues that when physiological need increases, our drive to
    reduce it increases
    • Drive reducing behaviors (e.g., eating and drinking)
    Arousal Theory
    • Homeostasis does not explain all behavior
    • Some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal, in the absence of
    any need-based drives
    • Well fed animals exploring
    • Babies being curious
    • Monkeys trying to open a lock/latch that opens nothing
    • And…
    Alex Honnold
    Arousal Theory
    • Yerkes-Dodson Law
    • Moderate arousal leads to optimum performance
    Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
    How do we explain Anorexia?
    Physiology of Hunger
    • Increase Hunger
    • Stomach pangs
    • Ghrelin – hormone secreted by empty stomach
    • Hypothalamus – secretes Orexin (hunger-triggering hormone)

    • Decrease Hunger
    • Insulin- secreted by liver, controls blood glucose
    • Leptin- protein hormones from fat cells
    • PYY- digestive tract hormone
    Biggest Loser Fails?
    Hunger and weight gain
    • As hunger increases, energy expenditure decreases
    • Basal metabolic rate- how our bodies regulate weight through control of food
    intake and energy output
    • After six months of semi-starvation (consuming half the calories), subjects’
    weights settled at about ¾ of their original body weights

    • Set point- The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When
    your body falls below this weight, hunger increases/lower metabolic rate
    Psychology of Hunger
    • Food and memory
    • Culture and taste preferences
    • Situational influences on hunger
    • Arousing stimuli
    • Friends and food
    • Serving sizes
    • Selection and choice
    Psychology of Hunger
    Sexual Motivation
    • Sex is not an actual need
    • Nature pools resources to get us to procreate
    • Hormones
    • Testosterone
    • Estrogens
    Sexual response cycle
    • Masters and Johnson
    • Excitement
    • Plateau
    • Orgasm
    • Resolution
    • Refractory period
    Sexual Dysfunction
    • Problems that impair
    • Sexual arousal
    • Sexual functioning
    • Erectile disorder
    • Inability to have or maintain an erection
    • Female orgasmic disorder
    • Distress over infrequent or never experiencing orgasm
    Paraphilias
    • Sexual desires that are directed in unusual ways
    • E.g., necrophilia, exhibitionism, pedophilia
    • Behavior is considered disordered if:
    • Causes distress to the person
    • Entails harm or risk to others
    Psychology of Sex
    • Sexually explicit materials can:
    • Increase strength of rape myths
    • Reduce satisfaction with partner’s appearance/relationship
    • Cause desensitization
    Teen Pregnancy
    • Communication!
    • Impulsivity and age
    • Alcohol
    • Mass media
    ** Reduce rates: high intelligence, religious engagement, father
    presence, service learning participation
    Sexual Orientation
    • Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex
    (homosexual orientation), other sex (heterosexual orientation), or
    both sexes (bisexual orientation)
    Sexual Orientation
    • Cultures vary in tolerance of homosexuality
    • In less tolerant places, people more likely to hide their sexual
    orientation
    • Given what we know: “sexual orientation is neither willfully chosen
    nor willfully changed”
    Sexual Orientation
    • Brain differences
    • Hypothalamic cell cluster (smaller in gay men and women)
    • Hypothalamic reactions of gay men and straight women men’s sex-related hormones
    • Genetic Influences
    • Shared sexual orientation higher among identical twins than fraternal twins
    • Male homosexuality appears to be transmitted from the mother’s side of the family
    • Prenatal Influences
    • Altered prenatal hormone exposure lead to homosexuality in humans and animals
    • Men with older biological brothers more likely to be gay (maternal immune-system
    reaction?)
    Gay-Straight Trait differences
    • Spatial abilities
    • Fingerprint ridge counts
    • Relative finger lengths
    • Face structure and birth size/weight
    • See Table 11.3

    **Evidence strongest for males. Results for gays and lesbians fall between
    straight men and straight women.
    Mandela on Robben Island
    Affiliation
    • Need to belong
    • Ostracism: experiences of social exclusion
    • Rejection/Heartbreak: emotional/physical pain
    Your brain on breakups

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