Computer Communication EC 407
Computer Communication EC 407
Computer Communication EC 407
EC 407
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Syllabus
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Syllabus
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Syllabus
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Syllabus
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References
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UNIT 2
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Transmission Medium
A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything
that can carry information from a source to destination
A transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable
or fiber optic cable
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Transmission Medium
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Guided Medium
Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable
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Twisted-Pair cable
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Unshielded and Shielded Twisted-Pair
UTP and STP
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair Categories
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair Categories
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UTP connectors
Most common UTP connector is RJ45
RJ stands for registered jack
RJ45 is a keyed connector, meaning connector can inserted
in only one way
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UTP Performances
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Applications of Twisted-Pair Cable
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Coaxial Cable
Consists of inner conductor (copper) and Outer conductor
(metal foil, braid or a combination of the two)
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Coaxial Cable Standards
RG (Radio Government) number (RG ratings) denotes a
unique set of physical specification including
Wire gauge of the inner conductor
Thickness and type of inner insulator
Construction of the shield
Size and type of outer casing
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Coaxial Cable Connectors
Most common type of connector used today is Bayone-Neil-
Concelman (BNC) connector
BNC used to connect end of the cable to a device such as
TV set
BNC T is used for branching
BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to
prevent reflection of the signal
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Coaxial Cable Performances
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Coaxial Cable Applications
Cable TV networks
Ethernet LANs
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Fiber-Optic Cable
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Fiber-Optic Cable-Propagation Modes
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Fiber-Optic Cable-Propagation Modes
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Fiber Types
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Cable Composition
Outer jacket is made up of PVC or Teflon
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Cable Connectors
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Performance
Attenuation is flatter than co-axial and twisted-pair cables
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Applications, Advantages and
Disadvantages
Backbone networks
Cable TV
LANs
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Applications, Advantages and
Disadvantages
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Unguided Transmission Media
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Unguided Transmission Media
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Unguided Transmission Media
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Unguided Transmission Media
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Data Link Control( DLC)
In the OSI networking model, Data Link Control (DLC) is
the service provided by the data link layer.
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Data Link Layer-Framing
Framing separates message of one
source/destination from another
source/destination by adding sender and
receiver address.
Framing can be of two types – fixed size and
variable size
In fixed size framing, there is no need of
defining the boundaries of the frame.
Size of frame itself can be used as delimiter
In Variable size framing, the end of one frame
and beginning of the next.
For this two approaches- Character oriented
approach and bit oriented approach
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Character Oriented Protocol
Uses 8 bit characters from a coding system
such as ASCII- known as flag
Flag is added at the beginning and end of
each frame to separate form other frames
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Character Oriented Protocol
If the data contains same characters as
that of flag, it is difficult to separate flag
from the data
There is another approach – Byte stuffing
and unstuffing
The data section is stuffed with an extra
byte called escape character (ESC), which
has a predefined pattern
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Character Oriented Protocol
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Bit Oriented Protocol
Most protocols uses a special bit pattern
flag 01111110 as the delimiter to define
beginning and end of the frame
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Bit Oriented Protocol
If the flag pattern appears, bit stuffing is
needed to prevent the pattern from looking
like a flag.
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Bit Oriented Protocol
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Flow Control
Necessary when data is being sent faster than it can be
processed by receiver.
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1. Stop and Wait Flow Control
This flow control mechanism forces the
sender after transmitting a data frame to
stop and wait until the acknowledgement
of the data-frame sent is received.
1. Source transmits frame
2. Destination receives frame and replies with
acknowledgement (ACK)
3. Source waits for ACK before sending next frame
4. Destination can stop flow by not sending ACK
5. Works well for large frames
6. Inefficient for smaller frames
Stop and Wait Flow Control
Stop and Wait Automatic Repeat Request
Protocol(Stop-and-Wait ARQ)
It is an improved version of Stop and Wait protocol with
error control mechanism
Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is done by keeping a
copy of send frame and retransmitting of the frame when the
timer expires.
Design of Stop-and-Wait ARQ Protocol
Flow Diagram for Stop-and-Wait ARQ
Protocol
Stop and Wait Flow Control
Generally large block of data split into small frames
Called “Fragmentation” and is used when
In following example, data frames are not lost, but some Ack are
lost and some are delayed. Cumulative ack solve this problem
Go-Back-N ARQ