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Chapter no # 1
“Principles of Data
Communication and Networks”
Short Questions.
1.Define Analogue Signals?
Ans Analog signals are continuous signal. we can represent analog signals in the form
of sign waves record the information as it is. example Any natural sound,human voice.
2. Define Digital Signals?
Ans Digital signal are not continuous single they are discrete signals.we can represent
digital signals in the form of square waves. convert the information into binary forms
example electronic signals computer signal.
3. Define data communication?
Ans Data communication is the process of sending or receiving digital data between
two or more computers via transmission medium such as wire cable.
4. Define bounded media?
Ans Bounded media are physical cables that signals travel through on a narrow path.
Also known as guided media, bounded media are made up of an external conductor
(usually copper) wrapped in a jacket made of non-conductive material.
5. Define types of bounded media?
Ans The three most popular types of bounded medium are “twisted-pair” wires,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
6. Define coaxial cable?
Ans Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and
other components engineered to block signal interference.
7. Define twisted pairs cables?
Ans Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school
networks.

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8. Define Unguided media?
Ans Whereas the unguided media broadcast the signal through the air.
it does not provide any direction.
signal transmission speed is generally slower than guided media.
Example radio wave,microwave & Infrared signals
9. Define fiber optics?
Ans Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials .It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the
problem of electrical interference.
10. Define data transmission?
Ans Data transmission is the process of sending digital or analog data over a
communication medium to one or more computing, network, communication
or electronic devices.
11. Define half duplex?
Ans In this mode of communication a sender can send the data as well as receives the
data but not at the same time. example walkie-talkie
12. Define full duplex?
Ans In this mode of communication the sender can send as well as receive the data on
the other hand the receiver can receive as well as send the data at the same time.
example Telephone Network
13. Define data flow?
Ans Dataflow is the movement of data through a system comprised of software,
hardware or a combination of both.
14. Define signal impairment?
Ans Signals travel through transmission media, which are not perfect. The
imperfection causes signal impairment. This means that the signal at the beginning of
the medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
15. Define connector?
Ans A connector is a device that terminates a segment of cabling or provides an entry
point for network devices such as computers, hubs and routers.

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16. Define network cabling?
Ans Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one
network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used
with LANs.
17. Define STP cable?
Ans Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio
and electrical frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motors,
fluorescent lights, etc.).
18. Define OSI model?
Ans The OSI Model or the Open Systems Interconnection Model is a conceptual
framework which describes the functions of a networking system. It is used for
the transfer of data over a network which moves through different layers.
19. Write briefly explain characteristics of data communication?
Ans Characteristics of data communication
Delivery
The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Accurancy
The system must deliver the data accurately.
Timelines
The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
Jitter
Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
20. What is bandwidth?
Ans Network bandwidth is a measure of the data transfer rate or capacity of a given
network.

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Chapter no # 2
“Data Link Control”

Short Questions.

1.Define DLC?
Ans Data link layer (DLC).A data link control is a service that ensures reliable
network data communication by managing frame error detection and flow control.
2. Define HDLC?
Ans HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) is a group of protocols.The HDLC is a part
of the data link layer protocol in the OSI model.HDLC is applied for point-to-point
and multipoint link structure based on the bit oriented data format.
3. Define SDLC?
Ans Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC).SDLC is a computer communication
protocol.It is the layer 2 protocol for IBM system network architecture.
4. Define ARQ?
Ans Automatic Repeat-Request (ARQ). The transmitter sends the data and also an
error detection code, which the receiver uses to check for errors, and request re-
transmission of erroneous data.
5. Define protocol?
Ans Network protocols are a set of rules outlining how connected devices
communicate across a network to exchange information easily and safely.
6. Define MAC layer?
Ans The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication Networks protocol sub-
layer, also known as the Medium Access Control.
7. Define flow control?
Ans Flow control tell the sender how much data should be sent to the receiver so that
it is not lost this mechanism makes the sender wait for an acknowledgment before
sending the data next.

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8. Define error control?
Ans Error control in data link layer is the process of detecting and correcting data
frame that has been corrupted or last during transmission.
9. What is error?
Ans A condition when the receiver information does not match with the sender’s
information.
10. Advantage and disadvantage of Stop-and-wait?
Ans Advantage
The Stop-and-wait method is simple as each frame is checked and acknowledged
before the next frame is sent.
Disadvantage
Stop and wait is slow.only a single frame use the entire link frame from the time it
is sent to its acknowledgment is received.
Each frame sent and received uses the entire time needed to traverse the link.

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 (Long questions)
Qno1 Detail note on Flow control?
Ans It is a set of procedures that tells the sender how much data it can transmit
before the data overwhelms the receiver.
It requires a buffer, a block of memory for storing the information until they
are processed.
Two methods have been developed to control the flow of data
-and-wait

Stop-and-wait
 The sender waits for an acknowledgement after the acknowledgement the next
frame will be sent.
Advantage
 It is simple has each frame is checked and acknowledgement.
Disadvantage
 One Frame takes a complete time of sending a frame and receiving an
acknowledgement.
Sliding-window
 Sender can send several packers before sending an acknowledgement.
 The capacity of channel can be used effectively.
 A single act after multiple frames.
 Windows has specific size from 0- n-1

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Chapter no # 3
Multiplexing

Short question
1 Define Multiplexing?
Ans Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the multiple data streams
over a single medium. The process of combining the data streams is known as
multiplexing
2. Explain types of Multiplexing?
Ans There are three types of multiplexing.
 Frequency-division multiplexing
 Wavelength- division multiplexing
 Time -division multiplexing
3. Define TDM?
Ans In Time Division Multiplexing technique, the total time available in the
channel is distributed among different users.In case of Time Division Multiplexing
technique, all signals operate at the same frequency with different time.
4. Define FDM?
Ans Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the available
bandwidth of a single transmission medium is subdivided into several channels. It is an
analog technique.
5. Define WDM?
Ans Wavelength Division Multiplexing is same as FDM except that the optical
signals are transmitted through the fiber optic cable. It is an analog multiplexing
technique.
6. Define Multiplexer?
Ans A multiplexer is a network device that combines multiple input signals in a single
output signal.

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7. What is transmitter?
Ans A transmitter is an electronic device used in telecommunications to produce radio
waves in order to transmit or send data with the aid of an antenna.
8. Define receiver?
Ans A receiver in a network is a device or software component that receives and
interprets data sent over the network, converting it into a usable format. It plays a
crucial role in the communication process by extracting information from incoming
signals.
9. Explain the use of FDM?
Ans FDM is commonly used in TV networks.
It is used in FM and AM broadcasting. Each FM radio station has different
frequencies, and they are multiplexed to form a composite signal.
10. Define synchronous TDM?
Ans A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time slot is preassigned to
every device. In Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in the form of frames. Time slots
are organized in the form of frames.

(Long Questions)
Qno1 Describe Types of Multiplexing?
Ans There are three types of Multiplexing
FDM
WDM
TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 it is an analogue technique.
 In FDM the available bandwidth of signal transmission medium is subdivided
into several channels.

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  In above diagram a single transmission medium is sub-divided into several
frequency Channels.
 FDM is mainly used in T.V channels.
Wavelength division Multiplexing WDM
 Optical signals are transmitted through WDM.
 WDM is used on fibre-optic to increase the capacity of signal fiber.
 It is used to utilize the high data rate capability of fiber optic.
 It is an analogue multiplexing technique.

Time-Division Multiplexing TDM

 It is a digital technique.
 In TDM,the total time available in the channel is distributed among different
users.
 A users takes control of the channel for a fixed amount of time.
 In TDM technique,data is not transmitted simultaneously rather the data is
transferred one by one.
 In TDM,the signal is transmitted in form of frame.

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Chapter no # 4
Local Area Network (LAN)
Short Questions
1. What is Lan Architecture?
Ans A LAN architecture is built around a topology. A LAN architecture comprises all
the components that make up the structure of a communications system. These
components include the hardware, software, protocols, and sequence of operations.
2. What is Topology?
Ans Geometric representation of how the computers is connected to each other is
known as topology. There are five types of topologies – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring
and Hybrid.
3. Write the advantages of Mesh topology?
Ans . No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which
means the link is only available for those two devices.
. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other
links and the communication between other devices on the network.
. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point-to-point link thus
unauthorized access is not possible.
. Fault detection is easy.
4. What is bus topology?
Ans In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this
main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the
drop line to the main cable.
5. Describe briefly ring topology?
Ans In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of
it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on
the either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology.
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6.What is hybrid topology?
Ans A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For
example, a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.
7. What is Ethernet?
Ans Ethernet is the most common network technology used in local area networks
and can be easily identified by the RJ-45 connectors on each of their cables,
which resemble extra-wide telephone jacks.
8. What is token ring?
Ans A token ring is a data link for a local area network (LAN) in which all devices are
connected in a ring or star topology and pass one or more tokens from host to
host. A token is a frame of data transmitted between network points.
9. What is FDDI?
Ans Fiber Distributed Data Interface is a set of standards for transmitting data over
fiber-optic cable over a span of up to 124 miles.I t uses two token rings: a primary ring
and a secondary ring,
10. FDDI stand for
Ans FDDI stand for (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

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