Digital Image Processing: Prof. B.L. Deekshatulu
Digital Image Processing: Prof. B.L. Deekshatulu
Digital Image Processing: Prof. B.L. Deekshatulu
Reference Book:
-----------------------
Digital Image Processing, 3rd Ed.
Gonzalez and Woods
2008
Prof. B.L. Deekshatulu
Imaging
The whole electromagnetic spectrum is used by “imagers”
-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
wavelength (Angstroms)
-1 0
1 Å = 10 m
28
10 m
(of galaxies)
… to the everyday …
v
ideocam
era
1m
… to the tiny.
e
lec
tro
nmic
ros
cop
e -6
1
0m
Divide into
8x8 blocks
H=256
W=256 32x32
From [Gonzalez & Woods]
Imaging Outside the Visible Range of
the EM Spectrum
X-Rays : Used in medical diagnostics and
computerized tomography (CT)
Head and spine of baby Baby sucking its thumb Baby smiling
Electron Imaging
Uses a focused beam of electrons (using magnetic lens) to
image a specimen. The interactions/effects of the electrons
with the specimen are imaged.
Provides high magnification ( 200 thousand times)
Two types: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy ) and TEM (Transmission Electron
Microscopy )
BRAIN LUNG
IMAGE SEQUENCE (VIDEO)
Laser Imaging
Produces narrow beam of light in visible, IR, or UV range of EM spectrum
Used to create range images (depth maps)
Computer
Graphics Image Interpretation
4x4 neighborhood
Origin (Ox,Oy)
Pixel Value
Pixel Region
DILATION EROSION
Low level image processing
• Image compression
• Noise reduction
• Edge extraction
• Contrast enhancement
• Segmentation
• Thresholding
• Morphology
• Image restoration
High level image understanding
60
2 domains – for DIP
• Spatial Domain : (image plane)
– Techniques are based on direct manipulation of pixels
in an image
• Frequency Domain :
– Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier
transform of an image
• There are some enhancement techniques based
on various combinations of methods from these
two categories.
Good images
• For human visual
– The visual evaluation of image quality is a highly
subjective process.
– It is hard to standardize the definition of a good image.
• For machine perception
– The evaluation task is easier.
– A good image is one which gives the best machine
recognition results.
• A certain amount of trial and error usually is
required before a particular image enhancement
approach is selected.
Pixel Intensity Transformations
• Log Gray-level
Transform
• s = T(r) = c log(1+r)
Example: Contrast Stretching
Histogram equalization: Example
Original Equalized
Mask/Filter
72
Result Laplacian mask
Laplacian mask implemented as an
extension to diagonal neighbors
Other implementation of Laplacian
masks
1 1 1
1 -8 1
1 1 1
1 2 1 1 0 1
y 0 0 0 x 2 0 2
1 2 1 1 0 1
1 L
a0 f ( x)dx,
2L L
1 L 2nx 1 L 2nx
an f ( x) cos( )dx, bn f ( x) sin( )dx
L L 2L L L 2L
f ( x) c e
k
n
j 2nx / 2 L
, ( p 2 L)
1 L
cn
2L L
f ( x ) e j 2nx / 2 L dx
1-D DFT and its Inverse
• The 1-D FT and its Inverse
– FT / Inverse FT
F (u ) f ( x)e j 2ux dx
f ( x) F (u )e j 2ux
du
F (u, v) f ( x, y )e j 2 ( ux vy )
dxdy
f ( x, y ) F (u, v)e j 2 ( ux vy )
dudv
1-D DFT and its Inverse (cont’)
• example (1)
(2)
M=1024, (1)
A=1,
K=8
(2)
for a M N image : f ( x, y )
M 1 N 1
1
F (u , v)
MN
x 0 y 0
f ( x, y )e j 2 ( ux / M vy / N )
for u 0, 1, 2, , M 1
v 0, 1, 2, , N 1
M 1 N 1
f ( x, y ) F (u , v)e j 2 ( ux / M vy / N )
u 0 v 0
for x 0, 1, 2, , M 1
y 0, 1, 2, , N 1
2-D DFT and its Inverse (cont’)
• magnitude or spectrum
F (u, v) R (u, v) I (u, v)
2 2
1/ 2
• power spectrum
2
P (u , v) F (u , v) R (u , v) I (u , v)
2 2
2-D DFT and its Inverse (cont’)
• example
(a) Image of a 20 x 40 white rectangle on a black background of size
512 x 512 pixels.
(b) Centered Fourier spectrum shown after application of the log
transformation.
( 1) x y
f ( x, y )(1) x y F (u M / 2, v N / 2(1)
)
(a)
(b)
2k
k (2)
(1) center the spectrum
(2) separation of spectrum zeros
Filtering in the Frequency Domain
• some basic properties of the frequency
domain.
F (u , v) high frequency
low frequency
F (0,0)
Filtering in the Frequency Domain (cont’)
• example
LPF
k
HPF
H (u , v) H (u , v) ,
2
(k filter height )
Applications
• Medicine
• Defense
• Meteorology
• Environmental science
• Manufacture
• Surveillance
• Crime investigation
Applications: Medicine
CT PET
(computed (Positron Emission PET/CT
Tomography) Tomography
Applications: Meteorology
Applications: Environmental
Science
Applications: Manufacture
Applications: Crime Investigation
Fingerprint enhancement
IMAGE MOSAICKING
• Combine several small images to generate a big
image
• Issue: seamless merging
• Features to consider
– Translation – obtain sliding vector and superimpose
– Rotation – find rotation angle, correct and then
superimpose
– Scaling – normalize and superimpose
– Different image parameters – matching problem
MOSAIC EXAMPLES
HUSSAIN SAGAR IMAGE
Optical/microwave data fusion
IRS-1D:Merged Data SAR+IRS-1D: Merged
Original Image
Contrast stretched Image
STATISTICAL METHOD -- DESTRIPED IMAGE (Top half)
Image To Edge Map
THANK YOU