Advanced Computer Graphics Digital Image Processing-Digital Image

ADVANCED COMPUTER GRAPHICS
UNIT 1
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING-
It refers to the processing of digital image by means of a digital computer.
DIGITAL IMAGE-
It is composed of a finite number of elements each of which has a particular location and
value.
IMAGE-
It is defined as a 2d function f(x , y). x ,y are spatial coordinates. The intensity or gray
level of the image is the amplitude of ‘f’ at any pair of coordinates (x, y).
ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL IMAGE
 PICTURE ELEMENTS
 IMAGE ELEMENTS
 PELS
 PIXELS
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
 It categorizes images according to their sources.
 The principle energy source is electromagnetic energy spectrum. Other
important sources are acoustic ultrasonic and electronic. Synthetic images are
generated by computer.
 The very first application of digital image was in newspaper industry.
 EM waves propagates as sinusoidal waves of varying wavelength or a
stream of mass less particles each travelling in a wave like pattern and moving at
the speed of light.
 Each mass less particle co9ntains some amount of energy and the particle
is called as a photon.
GAMMA RAY IMAGING

 It is used in nuclear medicine and astronomical observations.
 In this case the radioactive isotopes are injected into the patient’s body and
that isotope emits gamma rays.
 Images are produced from the emissions collected by the gamma ray
detectors.
 It is used to locate infections like tumor.
 PET- positron emission tomography is the major model of nuclear
imaging.
X RAY IMAGING
 It is the oldest source of EM radiation. It is used in medical diagnostics,
industry and astronomy.
 X rays are produced using a x ray tube which is a vacuum tube with a
cathode and anode.
 The cathode is heated causing the free electrons to be released.
 These electrons flow at high speed towards the positively charged anode.
When the electrons strike the nucleus, the energy is released in the form of x rays.
 The energy is controlled by the voltage applied across anode.
 The number of x rays is controlled by the current applied to the filaments
in the cathode.
 By placing the patient between the x ray source and the x ray sensitive
film, we can get the desired images of inner body parts.
 Digital images are obtained by digitalizing x ray films.
 Angiography is another major application of contrast enhancement
radiography.
 It is used to obtain images of blood vessels. Catheter a small flexible
hollow tube is inserted to blood vessels. An x ray contrasted medium is injected
through catheter. This enhances the contrast of the blood vessels and enables to
see any irregularities or blockages.
 The best use of x ray is computerized axial tomography. It has 3d
capabilities. The CAT image is a slice taken perpendicularly through the patient.
IMAGING IN ULTRAVIOLET BAND

 It is used in fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence is a phenomenon
which is observed when the UV light is directed upon the mineral fluorspar.
 UV light itself is not visible but when a photon of UV radiation collides
with an electron in an atom of a fluorescent material, it elevates the electron to a
higher energy level.
 The exited electron relaxes to a lower level and emits light in the form of a
lower energy photon in the visible light region.
 It is a method for studying materials that can be made to fluoresce, either in
their natural form or when treated with chemicals capable of fluorescing.
 Various applications of this type of imaging are lithography, industrial
inspection, microscopy, lasers, biological imaging and astronomical observations.
IMAGING IN THE VISIBLE AND IR BAND

 This imaging is used in conjunction with visual imaging.
 Various applications are light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing,
industry and low enforcement.
 Visible blue- maximum water penetration.
 Visible green- good for measuring plant vigor.
 Visible red- vegetation discrimination.
 Near Infrared- biomass and shoreline mapping.
 Middle Infrared – moisture content of soil and vegetation.
 Thermal Infrared- thermal mapping.
 Remote sensing is used in weather observations and predictions.
IMAGING IN MICROWAVE BAND

 Main use is in RADAR.
 Regardless of weather or ambient lighting, it has ability to collect data over
any region at any time virtually.
 Some RADAR waves can penetrate clouds and also can see through
vegetation, ice and dry sand.
 RADAR is used to explore inaccessible regions of earth’s surface.
IMAGING IN THE RADIO BAND
 It is used in medicine and astronomy.
 In medicine it is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
 Patient is placed in a powerful magnet and radio waves are passed through
his or her body in short pulses. Each pulse responding to the patient’s tissues.
FUDAMENTAL STEPS IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

 IMAGE ACQUISITION- It is giving an image that is already in digital
form. It involves processing such as scaling.
 IMAGE ENHANCEMENT- It is to bring out details that are obscured or
simply to highlight certain features of interest in an image like increasing the
contrast of an image.
 IMAGE RESTORATION- It improves the appearance of an image. This
technology is based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image
degradation.
 COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING- It is to increase the digital images over
the internet. The concepts used are color models and basic color processing in a
digital domain.
 WAVELETS- These are the foundation for representing images in various
degrees of resolution.
 COMPRESSION- It is the technique for reducing the storage required to
save an image or the bandwidth required to transmit it.
 MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING- It deals with tools for extracting
image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape.
 SEGMENTATION- It partition an image into its constituent parts or
objects. Autonomous segmentation is most difficult task. Rugged segmentation
requires objects to be identified individually.
 REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION- The set of pixels
separating one image region from the others. The data must be convert into the
form which is suitable for computer processing. First we have to check whether
the data should be represented as a boundary or as a complete region. Boundary
representation is used when the focus is on external shape characteristics.
Regional representation is used when the focus is on internal properties. Choosing
the representation is the solution of transforming the raw data into a form that is
suitable for computer processing.
 RECOGNITION- It is the process that assigns a label to an object.
COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

 Image sensors
 Specialized image processing hardware
 Computer
 Image processing software
 Mass storage
 Image display
 Hard copy

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ADVANCED COMPUTER GRAPHICS

GAMMA RAY IMAGING

IMAGING IN ULTRAVIOLET BAND

IMAGING IN THE VISIBLE AND IR BAND

IMAGING IN MICROWAVE BAND

FUDAMENTAL STEPS IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

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